Happiness in China

Presentation This paper predominantly centers around Chinese joy file and its affecting variables examination. There are numerous things we are anxious to get, for example, opportunity, cash, promising employment, notoriety, and so forth. Notwithstanding, we don't interest these things themselves, what we need is the improvement of joy. Those things have esteem just when they legitimately or in a roundabout way advance the sentiment of bliss. Net national bliss (GNH) is a pointer that estimates personal satisfaction or social advancement in a logical term. During the 1970s, the ruler of Bhutan proposed the idea of Gross National Happiness.He accepted that legislature should expect to make bliss. The national bliss record ought to be improved incorporating the variables both in the material and in the profound. The GNH record distinguishes four part of national satisfaction advancement: great administration, monetary development, social turn of events and ecological insurance (Hu, 201 1). With the fast improvement in China, the administration takes the list to quantify the national satisfaction. In any case, there is no precise quantitative definition about what number of elements impact the GNH.The paper subsequently will break down the elements that sway China’s net national satisfaction from social, financial and politic point of view. Social Factors The instruction framework Education in China doesn't concentrate on the students’ useful capacity and interests in contemplating. These schools center around students’ test scores rather than the students’ potential. Educators want to have the top understudies instead of â€Å"bad students†. A student’s scores speak to their character. From rudimentary to secondary school, understudies have no elective courses. The teachers’ task is to show understudies how to get high scores on the exams.The understudies are over focused. They go to class around 6 o’clock to ward the beginning of the day, they remain up learning around evening time (Hu, 2011). It is difficult to become unwind under such tension. On the off chance that understudies need to be confessed to top colleges, they need to concentrate hard. Considering is the main thing they have to do. The colleges simply require students’ remarkable scores from the school placement test. Along these lines, an extraordinary gathering of understudies called returning understudies who re-go to classes in the wake of bombing the school placement test. Numerous understudies re-go to secondary schools classes quite a long time after year until hello are admitted to a top college (Hu, 2011). The main scale to gauge one's ability is the recognition. Moreover, understudies would set up the postgraduate assessment so as to get a superior line of work. From basic to the school, understudies care in vain aside from considering. The circumstance prompts a diminishing misery file for China’s u nderstudy and their folks (Hu, 2011). Nature of marriage In China, marriage depends on one's family foundation, which is a critical factor that influences numerous couples everything being equal. Indeed, even in current occasions, an incredible number of youngsters in China will obey family arrangement.Oftentimes, if one's family live in poor conditions, the gathering will be dismissed by the different party’s family with a reason ( Luo, 2009). Indeed, even in marriage, the couples need to battle for their future, for example, house, vehicle, cash. On the off chance that the couple fizzles, they may separate from one another. Here and there, the marriage may just be chosen by the cash not friendship. This is the explanation that the Chinese couple have a low satisfaction list in marriage( Luo, 2009). Government disability framework China’s standardized savings framework isn't great and during the time spent reconstruction. What is more terrible, the maturing of society is the new weight included society security system.China’s populace keeps on developing. The master anticipated the complete populace will arrive at 1. 5 billion by the center of the 21th century, and the old populace will surpass 300 million. Because of the one-kid strategy, the regular families have just a single kid. Thus, the quantity of retirees will keep on attempting to diminish the weight on their family (Hu, 2011). Moreover, the guarantee benefits and clinical protection framework is as yet fragmented in China. The individuals from family set aside cash for the more established relative not for voyaging or engaging. On the off chance that somebody is debilitated in family, it could make the entire family in problem (Hu, 2011).These circumstances place an overwhelming weight on more youthful ages. The youngsters have the duty to deal with the guardians and to rise the people to come. The issue likewise builds the misery list for Chinese life. There are such a signifi cant number of social factors that impact the Chinese bliss record. China’s government should take measures to give the individuals a greater domain for life to build bliss record. Monetary Factors The cost of wares In China, the cost of items has risen essentially. It has gone past the salary level of numerous regular people.Housing cost, particularly, has gone excessively high lately (Orlik, 2013). Numerous individuals in China bend over backward to win cash to purchase a house. They work day and night. They offer up the chance to travel. They dare not to have meals in cafés. They consider that whether they should purchase garments or not. All endeavors are made to purchase a house. Particularly, individuals who obtain cash from the banks are under a great deal of weight for reimbursement. Their home loan installments are most piece of their month to month compensation so they need more cash to spend on other things.Even in the event that they are not happy with the curren t work, they dare not to leave. Because of high lodging costs, numerous individuals have become captives to their homes and live under huge tension in all angles. Amazingly, the costs of houses have gotten a lot higher! It is ungainly that a typical individual can't bear the cost of a typical house in China (Orlik, 2013). There is no uncertainty that the high wares cost isn't useful for the physical and emotional well-being of the individuals. So as to have better living, the individuals pay the high cost.This circumstance isn't valuable for the improvement of bliss list in China (Orlik, 2013). Salary Inequality China has extraordinary monetary development in the previous scarcely any decades. In any case, the normal earnings are higher in urban regions than in country territories. The wonder of pay disparity is evident in China(Finance and economics,2012). The salary of the famers is primarily relied upon the land, however the rural yield is restricted. They can't get rich just by a couple of sections of land of land. A great deal of rustic occupants deserted their property and go into refers to with nothing, these workers are called transient laborers.They can do are constrained occupation because of the absence of expert aptitude. Ladies worked in labor-serious merchandise and enterprises with the base wages. Men functioned as manufacturers taking a chance with their lives. All the more gravely, they may not be paid after the work is done. Indeed, even through transient workers live in a similar city with urban inhabitants, their day to day environments are absolutely different(Finance and economics,2012). The disparity pay make the works live in the base in the urban areas. Be that as it may, transient workers despite everything would prefer not to return home because of the more awful living condition.These circumstances cause vagrant workers to have low bliss index(Finance and economics,2012). Chance of occupation The unevenness of work among flexibly an d request exists in China. China is in the pinnacle of the populace, there are a ton of laborers need employments. For the provincial workers, they might want to go to urban for better life condition. The urban has an expanding pressure on business on the grounds that the excess rustic workers move to urban. The quick development of new specialists is undeniably more than the development of occupation creation. The circumstance is likewise gone up against by the school graduates.The ceaseless improvement of Chinese advanced education has delivered hundreds and thousands of school graduates yearly. Jobless school graduates become a typical wonder (Economy Watch, 2010). The joblessness issue impacts the satisfaction record on Chinese individuals. All the more severely, it could prompt the social unstability. To take care of this social issue, the legislature should put forth attempts for better utilize condition (Economy Watch, 2010). Political components Democracy is characterized as the standard that oversees state issues as per the rule of equity, the minority is subordinate to the majority.The United States and European nations have extremely developed vote based system. Be that as it may, China is a creating country,much of the framework isn't great and it doesn't accomplish a total popular government. (Pei, 2013) In western nations, the detachment of the forces is a political precept. It is separated into official force, legal force and administrative force. Regardless of whether the president carries out wrongdoing, legal autonomy can arraign his activity. For instance, the previous leader of Taiwan who violated the law, an autonomous legal executive made preliminary for him (Kelly, 2013).While China actualizes the arrangement of individuals' congress and the Communist Party orders all the framework, it delivers the law benefits. They utilize the benefit to degenerate and the subordinate authorities give safe house to them. Besides, the wonder of pay off is exceptionally extreme. Assistants offer incentives to get the perfect position. These circumstances bring about individuals low bliss file (China every day, 2010). Opportunity The political opportunity includes numerous angles including the right to speak freely of discourse, opportunity of gather and opportunity of vote, etc. These opportunities can see as the indication of human right.The political opportunity ought to be treated as a definitive objective of Chinese political change and advancement. The right to speak freely of discourse is the political option to convey one's feelings and thoughts. While Chinese individuals nearly have no rights, the discourse against gathering or government is disallowed by the truth of media and the web; Freedom of get together is the individual option to meet up and all in all express, advance, seek after and protect normal interests. Due

Summarization for chapters of the weather makers, and The author name Essay - 2

Outline for parts of the climate producers, and The writer name is Tim Flannery - Essay Example In spite of the fact that it is less expensive for certain nations to deliver power from wind power when contrasted with consuming petroleum derivatives, the central impediment of wind is that it isn't continually blowing. It has additionally been contended that the breeze turbines that are as of now being used are answerable for the murdering of numerous flying creatures every year, this contention has been viably countered by Flannery who calls attention to that in the United States, a greater number of feathered creatures are executed by felines than those slaughtered by turbines (Flannery, 267-271). Part 30: Nuclear Lazarus? This part centers around talking about atomic vitality. Atomic vitality is a vital elective wellspring of vitality considering the developing climatic issues. James Lovelock, who is the originator of the Gaia Hypothesis argued for the extension of atomic vitality programs in 2004. Atomic force plants are anyway confounded to build and their security is an imm ense worry in their development. Fiascos, for example, the Chernobyl catastrophes are continually being raised in conversations of atomic force security. With the expanding development of structural plates, increasingly more geothermal force sources are believed to be continually coming up on the earth’s surface (Flannery, 272-278). ... Flannery likewise acquaints the peruser with CAT vehicles that proficiently run on packed air and are amazingly eco-accommodating. Flannery additionally brings up that in spite of their unforgiving outflows, one recovering component of planes is that the contrails that they make help in decreasing the normal measure of light that figures out how to come to the earth’s surface, a calculate that help keeping the earth somewhat cooler (Flannery, 279-283). Section 32: The Last Act of God? It is anticipated that human impacts will in the long run surpass normal elements. Flannery summons the subject of â€Å"what is the cost of this injustice?† This inquiry is concerning the tale of a large portion of the world’s incredible country dirtying, yet in addition keeping precipitation from falling in creating countries. A model being the Inuit whose conventional food sources, for example, bear, caribou and seals are quick vanishing as an impact of an unnatural weather chang e. The Inuit land is additionally observed to be quick vanishing. The Kyoto Protocol has permitted just the sanctioning countries to contaminate inside certain given cutoff points (Flannery, 284-289). Part 33: The Carbon Dictator This section referenced Paul Crutzen who once helped spare the world from ozone exhaustion and is once more, back attempting to help with the present atmosphere issue. Flannery draws up three various conceivable environmental change results. The first being that human reaction is excessively moderate and results toward the finish of the earth as it is right now known. The subsequent situation takes into account people to evade obliteration by acting in great time, while the third chance is the place by setting up an Earth Commission for Thermostatic Control, we lessen emanations simply enough in order to

SIPA Faculty Member and Students Return from Haiti COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Faculty Member and Students Return from Haiti COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One key part of the education SIPA students get is professional experience.   SIPA students travel all over the world during the summer, winter, and spring breaks and are often in the middle of where news is happening.   This was the case with Haiti as well. Six SIPA students and SIPA faculty member Elisabeth Lindenmayer are safe after becoming trapped in Port-au-Prince, Haiti during the devastating earthquake that struck that country on January 12.   Lindenmayer, director of SIPAs United Nations Studies Program, and the six students were in Haiti on a UN study trip. After evacuating by helicopter to the Dominican Republic, all returned home on Friday, January 15. Everyone at SIPA is greatly relieved to hear that all involved in the development exercise are home safe.   For a more detailed article please visit the Columbia Spectator site.

Comparison - 1459 Words

How to spend a weekend in Vail, Co. Vail, Co is an amazing little village mainly known for its great snow and amazing mountains that form a king paradise for anyone that loves to practice this sport. The whole architecture of the village can resemble Strasbourg in France or somewhere in the middle of Germany. The town is full of restaurants that vary from all kinds of cuisines around the world, willing to please even the hardest pallets. No matter what time of the year you go, everywhere you look around they are families with their children playing around in the different parks and play area set around. Friends catching up drinking beer and lovers walking along the river. If you are worried about where you are going to stay, Vail offers†¦show more content†¦Dogs just walk around with their owners enjoying the weather and running up in to the mountains for their afternoon walk. It is hard to believe you are in the United States, especially because of its european architecture. Honestly this little village is si mply beautiful and perfect. We strolled around remembering all those wonderful memories we had of the place, while becoming more and more attached to Vail itself. After a while we went for an amazing lunch, and continued walking afterwards. It is hard to admire the amazing parks you can find here, but in the light of summer, they were just incredible. Trees tall as the clouds, with little wooden bridges crossing the river over and over. Here you can find concerts, weddings, friends gatherings and more. If you have small children it is just the place to take them to run around and enjoy the pleasures of being out. After walking around the entire town from east to west, and north to south we decided to go to the â€Å"Solaris† area, once there we sat down with a bottle of water and enjoy seeing the sunset from the village. One of Vails highlights for me has always been the fondue restaurant in the Sonnenalp Hotel. It is simply delicious, the cheese has just the right texture and flavors that combined with bread and a good wine makes you feel as if you were in heaven. Every time we go to Vail we try to save up some money, so we can enjoy this mouth-watering fondue, of course,Show MoreRelatedMedia Comparison Paper737 Words   |  3 PagesMedia Comparison Paper Since we have had to make choices and distinguish between one thing and another all of our lives, most of us like to see how others make their decisions. We especially appreciate this strategy if it helps us or informs us in some way. This paper is based on the media of comparing a newspaper ad to the internet ad. When you asked us to write a Compare and Contrast paper, I did not exactly know what you meant. After researching both concepts I learned about new things, ourRead MoreSocial Comparison In The Classroom1182 Words   |  5 Pagesmany different situations and environments. 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Cilia and Flagella Function

The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process Free Essays

Chapter FourMathematical Model Chapter Four THEORETICAL ANALYSISMA andMathematical Modeling Purpose of the survey is to probe of temperature as a factor that influences the conveyance of H2O across the membrane in FO procedure. The steady-state theoretical accounts have been developed to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux (JouleTungsten) as map of temperature (Thymine) and bulk concentration (C) ( i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Draw and Feed concentration ) . It was besides study the consequence of temperature on some belongingss, such as Solute diffusion coefficient (CalciferolSecond) , Mass transportation coefficient (K) , Permeability coefficient (A) and Solute electric resistance (Km) . 4.1 Osmotic Pressure The osmotic force per unit area (?) of a solution depends on the concentration of dissolved ions in solution and the temperature of solution, and can be computed by utilizing Va n’t Hoff equation: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.002.png" alt="" / WhereNis the van’t Hoff factor ( histories for the figure of single atoms of a compound dissolved in the solution ) ,?is the osmotic coefficient,Cis the molar concentration ( molar concentration ) of the solution,Roentgenis the gas invariable andThymineis the absolute temperature of the solution. The van’t Hoff factor is introduced to cover divergences from ideal solution behaviour that include finite volume occupied by solute molecules and their common attractive force as in new wave derWaals attractive force ( Howard, 2003 ) . Table 4.1 show osmotic coefficients (?) for a figure of solutes of physiological importance ( Khudair, 2011 ) . For all solutes?depends on the substance and on its concentration. As the concentration of any solute attacks zero its value of?attacks 1. In ideal solution,?= 1 ( Glass tone, 1974 ) . Table 4.1 Osmotic Coefficients (?) and Van’t Hoff Factor ( N ) for a Number of Solutes Substance Van’t Hoff Factor (N) Osmotic Coefficients ( ? ) NaCl 2 0.93 KCl 2 0.92 HCl 2 0.95 New hampshire4Chlorine2 2 0.92 NaHCO3 2 0.96 CaCl2 3 0.86 MgCl2 3 0.89 Sodium2So4 3 0.74 MgSO4 2 0.58 Glucose 1 1.01 Sucrose 1 1.02 4.2 Concentration Polarization 4.2.1 External Concentration Polarization Concentration polarisation ( CP ) is the accretion of solutes near the membrane surface and has inauspicious effects on membrane public presentation. The i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of H2O through the membrane brings feed H2O ( incorporating H2O and solute ) to the membrane surface, and as clean H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows through the membrane, the solutes accumulate near the membrane surface. Equations for concentration polarisation can be derived from i ¬?lm theory and mass balances. Harmonizing to i ¬?lm theory, a boundary bed signifiers at the surface of the membrane. Water and solutes move through the boundary bed toward the membrane surface. As H2O base on ballss through the membrane, the solute concentration at the membrane surface additions. The concentration gradient in the boundary bed leads to diffusion of solutes back toward the majority provender H2O. During uninterrupted operation, a steady-state status is reached in which the solute concentration at the membrane surface is changeless w ith regard to clip because the convective i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes toward the membrane is balanced by the diffusing i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes off from the surface. A mass balance can be developed at the membrane surface as follows: Mass accretion = mass in ? mass out ( 4.2 ) With no accretion of mass at steady province, the solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux toward the membrane surface must be balanced by i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uxes of solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡owing off from the membrane ( due to diffusion ) and through the membrane ( into the permeate ) as follows: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.003.png" alt="" / WhereMeteris mass of solute,Jouletungstenis the experimental permeate H2O flux,Tis clip,CalciferolSecondis the diffusion coefficient of the solute,omegathe distance perpendicular to membrane surface,Cpeis the solute concentration in the permeate andE‘is the surface country of membrane. Equation 4.3 applies non merely at the membrane surface but besides at any plane in the boundary bed because the net solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux must be changeless throughout the boundary bed to forestall the accretion of solute anyplace within that bed ( the last term in equation 4.3 represents the solute that must go through through the boundary bed and the membrane to stop up in the permeate ) . Rearranging and incorporating equation 4.3 across the thickness of the boundary bed with the boundary conditions C ( 0 ) = CMeterand C ( ?Bacillus) = CF, cell, where CF, cellis the concentration of provender cell solution and CMeteris the concentration at the membrane surface, are done in the undermentioned equations: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.004.png" alt="" / Integration outputs img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.005.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.006.png" alt="" / WhereKis the mass transportation coefficient and?Bacillusthickness of the boundary bed, rearranging the equation 4.6 when utilizing the van’t Hoff equation the eventually theoretical account from the concentrative external concentration polarisation at each permeate flux, could be calculated utilizing: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.007.png" alt="" / Where?F, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of feed solution at the majority and?F, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the provender solution at the surface membrane. Note that the advocate is positive, he pointed out that ?F, m A ; gt ; ?F, B. The draw solution in touch with the permeate side of membrane is the being diluted at the permeate membrane interface by the permeating H2O ( Moody and Kessler, 1976 ) . This is called diluted external CP. Both dilutive external CP phenomena cut down and concentrative the effectual osmotic driving force. A dilutive external CP modulus be identified as above, merely In the present instance, the concentration of the majority greater than concentration of the draw solution at the membrane surface ( i.e. ?D, B A ; gt ; ?D, m) ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.008.png" alt="" / Where?D, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the draw solution at the membrane surface and?D, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of draw solution at the majority. The general equation depicting H2O conveyance in FO, RO, and PRO is ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.009.png" alt="" / Where,Athe H2O permeableness invariable of the membrane, ? the contemplation coefficient, and a?† P is the applied force per unit area. For FO, a?† P is zero ; for RO, a?† P A ; gt ; a?† ? ; and for PRO, a?† ? A ; gt ; a?† P ( see figure 4.1 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.010.png" alt="" / Figure 4.1 Direction and magnitude of H2O as a map of ?P. To pattern the flux public presentation of the forward osmosis procedure in the presence of external concentration polarisation, we start with the flux equation for forward osmosis, given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.011.png" alt="" / We assume that the salt does non traverse membrane, the osmotic contemplation coefficient (?) , assume equal 1. Equation 4.10 predicts Flux as maps of driving force merely in the absence dilutive external concentration polarisation or concentrative, which may to be valid merely if the permeating flux is excessively low. When higher flux rates, must be modified to include this equation both the dilutive external concentration polarisation and concentrative: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.012.png" alt="" / Figure 4.2 ( a ) shows this phenomenon with a dense symmetric membrane ( McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . 4.2.2 Internal Concentration Polarization If the porousness support bed of asymmetric membrane confronting feed solution, as is the instance in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( PRO ) , Polarization bed is established along interior of heavy active bed as H2O and solute propagate the porousness bed ( Figure 4.2 ( B ) ) . This is referred to as concentrative internal concentration polarisation, this phenomenon is similar to concentrative external concentration polarisation, except that it takes topographic point within the porous bed, and therefore, can non be underestimated by cross flow ( Lee et al, 1981 ) Obtained look patterning this phenomenon in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( Loeb et al. 1997 ) . This equation describes internal concentration polarisation ( ICP ) the effects and how it links to H2O flux, salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) and H2O permeableness coefficient: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.013.png" alt="" / WhereKmis the opposition to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support bed,Kmis defined as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.014.png" alt="" / WhereSecondthe membrane structural parametric quantity,?mis the thickness,?is the tortuousness and?is the porousness of the support bed,Kmis a step how easy it can be dissolved widespread support inside and outside Layer, and hence is a step of the strength of ICP. We maintain the usage of theKmterm due to convention established in old surveies on internal concentration polarisation. Salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) is about negligible compared with the other footings in the equation 4.12. Therefore, we ignore salt flux in the way of H2O flux and any transition of salt from the permeate ( draw solution ) side ( Gray et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, flux can be solved for implicitly from equation 4.12: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.015.png" alt="" / The exponential term in equation 4.14 is the rectification factor that could be considered the concentrative internal concentration polarisation modulus, defined as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.016.png" alt="" / Where ?F, Iis the osmotic force per unit area of the feed solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The positive advocate indicates that ?F, I A ; gt ; ?F, B, or that the consequence is concentrative. Substitute Equation 4.8 into 4.14 to obtain an analytical theoretical account for the impact of internal and external concentration polarisation on H2O flux: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.017.png" alt="" / All the footings in equation 4.16 are readily determined through computations or experiments. From equation we can cipher the flux of H2O through the membrane where feeding solution is placed against asymmetric support bed and the draw solution on the active bed. In forward osmosis applications for desalinization and H2O intervention, the active bed of the membrane faces the provender solution and the porous support bed faces the draw solution ( Kessler and Moody, 1976 ) . As H2O permeates the active bed, the draw solution within the porous infrastructure becomes diluted. This is referred to as dilutive internal concentration polarisation ( Figure 4.2 ( degree Celsius ) ) . ( Loeb et al, 1997 ) Descriptions likewise flux behaviour in the development of forward osmosis: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.018.png" alt="" / When presuming that B = 0 ( i.e. , the salt permeableness is negligible ) and the equation 4.17 is agreement, are acquiring an inexplicit equation for the flux of H2O permeating: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.019.png" alt="" / Here, ?D, Bis now corrected by the dilutive internal concentration polarisation modulus, given by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.020.png" alt="" / Where ?D, Iis the concentration of the draw solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The negative advocate because the H2O flux is in the way off from the membrane active bed surface, In other words, the concentration polarisation consequence in our instance is dilutive, intending that ?D, I A ; lt ; ?D, Bby replacing equation 4.7 into 4.18, we get img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.021.png" alt="" / The footings in equation 4.20 are mensurable system conditions and membrane parametric quantities. Note that here ; dilutive internal concentration polarisation is coupled with concentrative external concentration polarisation, whereas in the equation 4.16, concentrative internal concentration polarisation was coupled with dilutive external concentration polarisation. In each of these instances, the external concentration polarisation and internal concentration polarisation moduli all contribute negatively to the overall osmotic drive force. The negative part of each addition with higher flux, which suggests a self-limiting flux behaviour, this implies that increasing osmotic drive force will supply decreasing additions in flux ( Tang et al. , 2010 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.022.png" alt="" /Figure 4.2 Illustration of osmotic driving force profiles for osmosis through several membrane types and orientations, integrating both internal and external concentration polarisation. ( a ) The profile illustrates concentrative and dilutive external CP. ( B ) PRO manner ; the profile illustrates concentrative internal CP and dilutive external CP. ( degree Celsius ) FO manner ; the profile illustrates dilutive internal CP and concentrative external CP (McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . In this hunt if taking transmembrane temperature difference into history, the temperature being next to membrane surface will besides differ from that in bulk solution due to the happening of heat transportation. Hence, utilizing van’t Hoff jurisprudence for computation of osmotic force per unit area requires the temperature points to be purely in line with the concentration points as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.023.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.024.png" alt="" / WhereC,TDandTFis the concentration, temperature draw and temperature, with the inferiors F, cell ( feed cell solution ) and D, cell ( draw cell solution ) . The theoretical account to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux can be rewritten to a modii ¬?ed by replacing equation 4.21 and 4.22 in 4.20, we get img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.025.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.026.png" alt="" /Figure 4.3 gives the conventional illustration of the concentration and temperature proi ¬?les in FO procedure operated under active bed – provender solution ( AL–FS ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.027.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.028.png" alt="" / Figure 4.3Conventional diagram of mass and heat i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux proi ¬?les within boundary bed and membrane during FO procedure under AL–FS manner in the presence of temperature difference ( TF, cell A ; gt ; TD, cell) . 4.3 Heat Flux Heat transportation from the solution to the membrane surface across the boundary bed in the side of the membrane faculty imposes a opposition to mass reassign The temperature at the membrane surface is lower than the corresponding value at the majority stage. This affects negatively the drive force for mass transportation. Under steady province conditions, derived from the heat balance, the heat transportation in the single compartments of system is represented by the undermentioned equation: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.029.png" alt="" / In which Q denotes the heat flux, and the inferiors FS – BL, m and DS – BL represent feed solution boundary bed, membrane and draw solution boundary bed. By stipulating the equation 4.24, we obtain img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.030.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.031.png" alt="" / WhereHis the single heat transportation coefi ¬?cient,CPthe specii ¬?c heat of H2O,?tungstenthe H2O denseness. Rearranging the equation 4.25 gives expressed looks of temperature near the membrane surfaces as ( Zhong et al. , 2012 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.032.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.033.png" alt="" / It is sensible to dei ¬?ne the temperature at interface of SL and AL by averaging theThymineF, mandThymineD, m img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.034.png" alt="" / 4.4 Heat Transfer Coefficients The finding of heat transportation coefi ¬?cientHis developed on the footing of the correlativity between Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl figure ( Holman, 2009 ) . For the laminar flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.035.png" alt="" / For the disruptive flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.036.png" alt="" / WhereNu=hL/? , Pr =CPhosphorus µ/? ,andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.037.png" alt="" /.Nu is the Nusselt figure,Rheniumthe Reynolds figure andPraseodymiumthe Prandtl figure. TheCPhosphorusis the specii ¬?c heat,Literlength of the channel, µthe dynamic viscousness, and ? the thermic conduction of NaCl solution. The value µis obtained harmonizing to µ = , in which?is the solution denseness, and?the kinematic viscousness. The dependance of?on temperature can be described by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.038.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.039.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.040.png" alt="" / Where img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.041.png" alt="" / And img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.042.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.043.png" alt="" /are the thermic conduction of H2O at temperature T and 298.15 K. The heat transportation coefficientHcalculated by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.044.png" alt="" / Where happenNufrom equation 4.29 or 4.30 The overall heat transportation coefficientHmof FO membrane embodies the thermic conduction of both liquid-phase H2O go throughing the micro pores and the solid-phase membrane img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.045.png" alt="" / 4.5 Mass Transfer Coefficient The mass transportation coefficient is a map of provender flow rate, cell geometry and solute system. Generalized correlativities of mass transportation, which have been used by several writers ( Sourirajan, 1970 ) , suggest that the Sherwood figure,Sh,is related to the Reynolds figure,Re,and Schmidt figure,Sc,as: For the laminar flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.046.png" alt="" / For the disruptive flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.047.png" alt="" / Whereimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.048.png" alt="" /andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.049.png" alt="" /.Shis the Sherwood figure,Scandiumthe Schmidt figure andvitamin DHis the hydraulic diameter, the hydraulic diameter is dei ¬?ned as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.050.png" alt="" / Where tungsten and h the channel breadth and channel tallness severally. The parametric quantities,CalciferolSecondand?rely strongly on temperature, which can be quantitatively determined by empirical equations below. For aqueous electrolyte like NaCl,CalciferolSecondvalue of the ions is presented by ( Beijing, 1988 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.051.png" alt="" / Where N ±is the absolute valley of ions ( i.e. N ±=1 ) , and ? ±is the tantamount conduction of Na+and Cl–ions, estimated as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.052.png" alt="" / ( 4.40 ) In whichimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.053.png" alt="" /( 5.1Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for Na ions ; 7.64Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for chloride ions ) is the mention tantamount conduction at 298.15 K ; temperature coefficientimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.054.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.055.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.056.png" alt="" /forSodium+, andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.057.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.058.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.059.png" alt="" /forimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.060.png" alt="" /, severally. The empirical equations were employed to gauge kinematic viscousness of NaCl solution as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.061.png" alt="" / Whereimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.062.png" alt="" /is the H2O viscousness at temperature T, expressed as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.063.png" alt="" / In whichvitamin E= 0.12,degree Fahrenheit= -0.44,-ˆ= -3.713,I=2.792 are the fitting parametric quantities,CSecondthe NaCl molar concentration, andThymineRoentgenthe normalized temperature. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.064.png" alt="" / There is besides another manner to cipher diffusion coefficient in the liquid stage of a dilute solution can be estimated by the Stokes – Einstein equation if the solute radius is clearly larger than the solvent radius img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.065.png" alt="" / WhereKBacillusis the Boltzmann invariable, T ( K ) is the absolute temperature,  µ is the dynamic viscousness of the liquid and ROis the radius of the solute. To cipher diffusion coefficients in aqueous solutions predict that diffusion coefficients really linearly with temperature and reciprocally with viscousness. Indeed, harmonizing to Li and Gregory, ( 1974 ) . In instance of the stokes – Einstein relation the diffusion coefficientD ( T )at a temperatureThymineis given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.066.png" alt="" / Where D( TO)is the diffusion coefficient at a mention temperatureThymineOand µ ( T )and µ ( TO)are the dynamic viscousnesss at temperaturesThymineandThymineO, severally. Note that temperatures are given in Kelvin. Finally the mass transportation coefficient K calculated by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.067.png" alt="" / WhereShdiscovery from equation 4.36 or 4.37 4.6 Water Permeability Coefficient The equation ciphering pure H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient A for FO procedure is derived from the theoretical account ; thereby the H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of rearward osmosis procedure is predicted ( Baker, 2004 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.068.png" alt="" / WhereCtungstenis the H2O molar concentration,Volttungstenthe molar volume of H2O,Calciferoleffthe effectual H2O molecule diffusivity within the pores of active bed of the FO membrane img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.069.png" alt="" / Wherevitamin DSecond( 4AO) andvitamin DPhosphorus( 7.2AO) are the diameter of H2O molecule and pore, and D the evident diffusivity, which is given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.070.png" alt="" / Along with H2O dynamic viscousness (  µw ) predicted by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.071.png" alt="" / There is besides another manner to cipher membrane permeableness ( A ) i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at-sheet bench-scale RO trial system was used to find the H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) of the CTA membrane. A membrane voucher holding an effectual surface country of 64 centimeter2was the active bed of the membrane confronting the provender solution. Mesh spacers placed in the provender channel enhanced the turbulency of the ultrapure H2O provender watercourse. A hard-hitting positive supplanting pump was used to recirculate the provender solution at 12 L/h. The FO membrane H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) was determined utilizing ( Lee et al. , 1981 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.072.png" alt="" / Where is the osmotic force per unit area difference across the membrane and ?P is the hydraulic force per unit area difference across the membrane. Because ultrapure H2O was used as the provender solution, was zero during the experiments. Pressure was increased from 1 saloon to 2 saloon. Pressure was held changeless at each increase for continuance of 3 h. Water i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux through the membrane was calculated based on the increasing weight of the permeant H2O on an analytical balance. The temperature was held changeless at 25OC. See figure 4.4 img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.073.png" alt="" / Figure 4.4 Flux vs. force per unit area and the swill is representedH2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) . 4.7 Recovery Percentage The recovery factor measures how much of the provender is recovered as permeate. It is reported as a per centum ( Al-Alawy, 2000 ) . The recovery of the membrane was calculated by spliting the overall of permeate rate by the provender rate solution. Recovery, or transition, is defined by: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.074.png" alt="" / WhereVoltPhosphorusis the overall permeate volume andVoltFis the provender volume solution. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.075.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.076.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.078.png" alt="" /img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.077.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.079.png" alt="" / Figure 4.5 the flow chart of patterning FO H2O flux at different temperature matrixes. 1 How to cite The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process, Essay examples

Catholics And Episcopalians Essay Example For Students

Catholics And Episcopalians Essay Catholics vs. Episcopalians, is there truly a distinction? When I recollect onmy religious tradition, Catholicism, I ponder on just how different it is inpractice and theology from that of protestant traditions. When examining I cameto compare how deeply Catholics and Episcopalians are divided on questions ofpolitical and religious leadership? Through research I have concluded thatCatholics and Episcopalians are vastly separated in political and religiousleadership and this factor is the foremost distinction between the twotraditions. Since the establishment of the Episcopalian Church we can see thelink between the Church of England and further with the Roman Catholic Church asstated, It was part of the Anglican Communion, formally organized inPhiladelphia in 1789 as the successor to the Church of England in the AmericanColonies. In points of doctrine, worship, and ministerial order, the churchdescended from and has remained associated with the Church of England. Thehistory of the ch urch began with the first permanent English settlement atJamestown, Va., in 1607. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) The establishmentof the Episcopalian Church was in fact for political and religious leadershipfreedom from its ties with The Church of England and in conjunction freedom fromthe Catholic Church. The differences in church organization are prevalent andare the main distinction between the two traditions. The Episcopalianorganization is described as; In the organization of the church, eachself-supporting congregation (parish) elects its lay governing board (vestry)for temporal affairs and its rector as spiritual leader. Congregations that arenot self-supporting (missions) are directed by the bishop of the area. In agiven area the parishes and missions make up a diocese, headed by a bishop. Allclergy and laity representing all congregations meet annually in convention toconduct the business of the diocese. The convention elects the bishop to serveuntil death or retirement. The dioceses and mission districts belong to theGeneral Convention, which meets triennially. All bishops are members of theHouse of Bishops, and the House of Delegates is made up of equal numbers ofclergy and laity. The Executive Council, the administrative agency of theGeneral Convention, is headed by the Presiding Bishop (elected by the House ofBishops), who also presides over the House of Bishops. (Encyclopedia BritannicaOnline) In contrast the Catholic Churchs political and religious leadershipis organized in a manner that follow a distinct order. This order can be groupedby papal authority, the Roman Curia and the college of Cardinals, the college ofbishops, ecumenical councils and the priesthood. Catholics also hold the Vaticanas the capital for Catholicism and place it as a global leadership source. Thestudy of these two traditions consisted of two visits to St.Johns EpiscopalChurch and two visits to St.Thomas Moore Catholic Church. The comparison ofthese traditions stimulate d interest in me due to two factors. First, I amCatholic and have been raised in the Catholic tradition, which stimulates muchinterest in the Episcopalian tradition. This will allow me to play both roles asan insider when I attend Catholic Church and as an outsider in the EpiscopalChurch. Secondly, until this religion course I was unaware of the details in theEpiscopal Church and wanted to further examine the tradition. In preparation tovisit St.Johns Episcopal Church I felt a discomfort due to unknown rituals,physical appearance of the church and its location in the downtown area. Ithought a good method of visiting the church would be to invite an Episcopalianfriend of mine. He agreed to visit the church with me and addressed the concernsI had in visiting the church. As I soon learned the issues I was concernedabout, should not have been a concern at all. I found that the rituals werealmost identical to that of the Roman Catholic faith. Rituals such as spokenprayers, hymns that wer e sung and receiving communion were done in an almostduplicate manner. I was fortunate enough to visit St.Johns Episcopal Churchon two special occasions. On my initial visit they had baptism of newborninfants. This was performed in the same manner as the Catholic method with theexception that Catholics do not perform baptisms during the regular Sunday mass. .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .postImageUrl , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:visited , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:active { border:0!important; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:active , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on th Essay On my second visit it was Saints Sunday in both traditions. This experiencealmost leads me to conclude that there was no difference in practicing rituals. Both traditions reflected on given Saints during the mass and explained how oneshould try to follow the examples of these Saints. The appearance of bothchurches truly enhanced my experience as a visitor. Visiting these localchurches reminded me of the pulchritude I witnessed visiting Catholic churchesin Spain this past summer. Both churches are laid out similar in that they arein a T shape. The pulpit was located in the middle where everyone isallowed to view the priest at the pulpit, although if you are seating along thesides, you would have a side view of the mass. The method in which the pews,windows and ceiling were constructed were also arranged similarly. The twonoticeable differences were the way the choirs were seated and the absence of astatue of Jesus on the cross. The choir in the Episcopal Church was seated toface each other and was significantly larger in quantity than that of theCatholic Church. After researching why the Episcopalian Church does not have astatue of Jesu s on the cross, I was unable to determine the reason, however Ithought that it is a notable difference. Being raised in a middle class family,I was accustom to attending church in a casual style wearing jeans and a niceshirt. My expectation of the attire at this particular Episcopal Church followedwas correct, formal dress. Everyone in the church was in formal wear, males woresuits, and females wore long dresses. This dress phenomenon I do not believe islinked to a particular faith, more to the social class that makes up the churchmembers. One aspects that Catholics seem to appraise more than Episcopalians isthe Virgin Mary. It is not that Episcopalians do not recognize the Virgin Mary,however they generally do not hold the caliber of importance as Catholics. In myvisits to the Catholic Church, I found statues of the Virgin Mary and peoplepraying over her statue. Other ritual practices which I noted to be differentwas how Catholics have confession and pray the rosary. Though Episcop alians donot practice confession, it should also be noted that the Catholic Church aschanged the magnitude of confession in the late twenty century. I have foundthat Catholics are adopting the protestant way of belief of forgiveness whichhas the general idea that God gave us Jesus to have a one-on-one relationshipwith God through Jesus therefore eliminating the need to confess to a priest. This argument is quite controversial and will continue to be a topic ofdiscussion for decades. When discussing the use of the rosary to a Episcopalianfriend of mine he stated that the tradition does not practice the use of arosary. This coincides with not having confession, since praying the rosary isoften something done after confession. In concluding I would have to say myexperience in surveying these different traditions was extremely educational. Itis interesting how much one can learn by exposing themselves to other traditionsand learning unfamiliar aspects of ones tradition. The research conducted ledme to affirm my statement that there is a strong divison on political andreligious leadership between these two traditions. However, I must say whatintrigued me the most was how similar a protestant tradition is to the Catholictradition and the only separation being the leadership and politics. BibliographyProtestant Episcopal Church Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed 15 November 1999Religion