Happiness in China

Presentation This paper predominantly centers around Chinese joy file and its affecting variables examination. There are numerous things we are anxious to get, for example, opportunity, cash, promising employment, notoriety, and so forth. Notwithstanding, we don't interest these things themselves, what we need is the improvement of joy. Those things have esteem just when they legitimately or in a roundabout way advance the sentiment of bliss. Net national bliss (GNH) is a pointer that estimates personal satisfaction or social advancement in a logical term. During the 1970s, the ruler of Bhutan proposed the idea of Gross National Happiness.He accepted that legislature should expect to make bliss. The national bliss record ought to be improved incorporating the variables both in the material and in the profound. The GNH record distinguishes four part of national satisfaction advancement: great administration, monetary development, social turn of events and ecological insurance (Hu, 201 1). With the fast improvement in China, the administration takes the list to quantify the national satisfaction. In any case, there is no precise quantitative definition about what number of elements impact the GNH.The paper subsequently will break down the elements that sway China’s net national satisfaction from social, financial and politic point of view. Social Factors The instruction framework Education in China doesn't concentrate on the students’ useful capacity and interests in contemplating. These schools center around students’ test scores rather than the students’ potential. Educators want to have the top understudies instead of â€Å"bad students†. A student’s scores speak to their character. From rudimentary to secondary school, understudies have no elective courses. The teachers’ task is to show understudies how to get high scores on the exams.The understudies are over focused. They go to class around 6 o’clock to ward the beginning of the day, they remain up learning around evening time (Hu, 2011). It is difficult to become unwind under such tension. On the off chance that understudies need to be confessed to top colleges, they need to concentrate hard. Considering is the main thing they have to do. The colleges simply require students’ remarkable scores from the school placement test. Along these lines, an extraordinary gathering of understudies called returning understudies who re-go to classes in the wake of bombing the school placement test. Numerous understudies re-go to secondary schools classes quite a long time after year until hello are admitted to a top college (Hu, 2011). The main scale to gauge one's ability is the recognition. Moreover, understudies would set up the postgraduate assessment so as to get a superior line of work. From basic to the school, understudies care in vain aside from considering. The circumstance prompts a diminishing misery file for China’s u nderstudy and their folks (Hu, 2011). Nature of marriage In China, marriage depends on one's family foundation, which is a critical factor that influences numerous couples everything being equal. Indeed, even in current occasions, an incredible number of youngsters in China will obey family arrangement.Oftentimes, if one's family live in poor conditions, the gathering will be dismissed by the different party’s family with a reason ( Luo, 2009). Indeed, even in marriage, the couples need to battle for their future, for example, house, vehicle, cash. On the off chance that the couple fizzles, they may separate from one another. Here and there, the marriage may just be chosen by the cash not friendship. This is the explanation that the Chinese couple have a low satisfaction list in marriage( Luo, 2009). Government disability framework China’s standardized savings framework isn't great and during the time spent reconstruction. What is more terrible, the maturing of society is the new weight included society security system.China’s populace keeps on developing. The master anticipated the complete populace will arrive at 1. 5 billion by the center of the 21th century, and the old populace will surpass 300 million. Because of the one-kid strategy, the regular families have just a single kid. Thus, the quantity of retirees will keep on attempting to diminish the weight on their family (Hu, 2011). Moreover, the guarantee benefits and clinical protection framework is as yet fragmented in China. The individuals from family set aside cash for the more established relative not for voyaging or engaging. On the off chance that somebody is debilitated in family, it could make the entire family in problem (Hu, 2011).These circumstances place an overwhelming weight on more youthful ages. The youngsters have the duty to deal with the guardians and to rise the people to come. The issue likewise builds the misery list for Chinese life. There are such a signifi cant number of social factors that impact the Chinese bliss record. China’s government should take measures to give the individuals a greater domain for life to build bliss record. Monetary Factors The cost of wares In China, the cost of items has risen essentially. It has gone past the salary level of numerous regular people.Housing cost, particularly, has gone excessively high lately (Orlik, 2013). Numerous individuals in China bend over backward to win cash to purchase a house. They work day and night. They offer up the chance to travel. They dare not to have meals in cafés. They consider that whether they should purchase garments or not. All endeavors are made to purchase a house. Particularly, individuals who obtain cash from the banks are under a great deal of weight for reimbursement. Their home loan installments are most piece of their month to month compensation so they need more cash to spend on other things.Even in the event that they are not happy with the curren t work, they dare not to leave. Because of high lodging costs, numerous individuals have become captives to their homes and live under huge tension in all angles. Amazingly, the costs of houses have gotten a lot higher! It is ungainly that a typical individual can't bear the cost of a typical house in China (Orlik, 2013). There is no uncertainty that the high wares cost isn't useful for the physical and emotional well-being of the individuals. So as to have better living, the individuals pay the high cost.This circumstance isn't valuable for the improvement of bliss list in China (Orlik, 2013). Salary Inequality China has extraordinary monetary development in the previous scarcely any decades. In any case, the normal earnings are higher in urban regions than in country territories. The wonder of pay disparity is evident in China(Finance and economics,2012). The salary of the famers is primarily relied upon the land, however the rural yield is restricted. They can't get rich just by a couple of sections of land of land. A great deal of rustic occupants deserted their property and go into refers to with nothing, these workers are called transient laborers.They can do are constrained occupation because of the absence of expert aptitude. Ladies worked in labor-serious merchandise and enterprises with the base wages. Men functioned as manufacturers taking a chance with their lives. All the more gravely, they may not be paid after the work is done. Indeed, even through transient workers live in a similar city with urban inhabitants, their day to day environments are absolutely different(Finance and economics,2012). The disparity pay make the works live in the base in the urban areas. Be that as it may, transient workers despite everything would prefer not to return home because of the more awful living condition.These circumstances cause vagrant workers to have low bliss index(Finance and economics,2012). Chance of occupation The unevenness of work among flexibly an d request exists in China. China is in the pinnacle of the populace, there are a ton of laborers need employments. For the provincial workers, they might want to go to urban for better life condition. The urban has an expanding pressure on business on the grounds that the excess rustic workers move to urban. The quick development of new specialists is undeniably more than the development of occupation creation. The circumstance is likewise gone up against by the school graduates.The ceaseless improvement of Chinese advanced education has delivered hundreds and thousands of school graduates yearly. Jobless school graduates become a typical wonder (Economy Watch, 2010). The joblessness issue impacts the satisfaction record on Chinese individuals. All the more severely, it could prompt the social unstability. To take care of this social issue, the legislature should put forth attempts for better utilize condition (Economy Watch, 2010). Political components Democracy is characterized as the standard that oversees state issues as per the rule of equity, the minority is subordinate to the majority.The United States and European nations have extremely developed vote based system. Be that as it may, China is a creating country,much of the framework isn't great and it doesn't accomplish a total popular government. (Pei, 2013) In western nations, the detachment of the forces is a political precept. It is separated into official force, legal force and administrative force. Regardless of whether the president carries out wrongdoing, legal autonomy can arraign his activity. For instance, the previous leader of Taiwan who violated the law, an autonomous legal executive made preliminary for him (Kelly, 2013).While China actualizes the arrangement of individuals' congress and the Communist Party orders all the framework, it delivers the law benefits. They utilize the benefit to degenerate and the subordinate authorities give safe house to them. Besides, the wonder of pay off is exceptionally extreme. Assistants offer incentives to get the perfect position. These circumstances bring about individuals low bliss file (China every day, 2010). Opportunity The political opportunity includes numerous angles including the right to speak freely of discourse, opportunity of gather and opportunity of vote, etc. These opportunities can see as the indication of human right.The political opportunity ought to be treated as a definitive objective of Chinese political change and advancement. The right to speak freely of discourse is the political option to convey one's feelings and thoughts. While Chinese individuals nearly have no rights, the discourse against gathering or government is disallowed by the truth of media and the web; Freedom of get together is the individual option to meet up and all in all express, advance, seek after and protect normal interests. Due

Summarization for chapters of the weather makers, and The author name Essay - 2

Outline for parts of the climate producers, and The writer name is Tim Flannery - Essay Example In spite of the fact that it is less expensive for certain nations to deliver power from wind power when contrasted with consuming petroleum derivatives, the central impediment of wind is that it isn't continually blowing. It has additionally been contended that the breeze turbines that are as of now being used are answerable for the murdering of numerous flying creatures every year, this contention has been viably countered by Flannery who calls attention to that in the United States, a greater number of feathered creatures are executed by felines than those slaughtered by turbines (Flannery, 267-271). Part 30: Nuclear Lazarus? This part centers around talking about atomic vitality. Atomic vitality is a vital elective wellspring of vitality considering the developing climatic issues. James Lovelock, who is the originator of the Gaia Hypothesis argued for the extension of atomic vitality programs in 2004. Atomic force plants are anyway confounded to build and their security is an imm ense worry in their development. Fiascos, for example, the Chernobyl catastrophes are continually being raised in conversations of atomic force security. With the expanding development of structural plates, increasingly more geothermal force sources are believed to be continually coming up on the earth’s surface (Flannery, 272-278). ... Flannery likewise acquaints the peruser with CAT vehicles that proficiently run on packed air and are amazingly eco-accommodating. Flannery additionally brings up that in spite of their unforgiving outflows, one recovering component of planes is that the contrails that they make help in decreasing the normal measure of light that figures out how to come to the earth’s surface, a calculate that help keeping the earth somewhat cooler (Flannery, 279-283). Section 32: The Last Act of God? It is anticipated that human impacts will in the long run surpass normal elements. Flannery summons the subject of â€Å"what is the cost of this injustice?† This inquiry is concerning the tale of a large portion of the world’s incredible country dirtying, yet in addition keeping precipitation from falling in creating countries. A model being the Inuit whose conventional food sources, for example, bear, caribou and seals are quick vanishing as an impact of an unnatural weather chang e. The Inuit land is additionally observed to be quick vanishing. The Kyoto Protocol has permitted just the sanctioning countries to contaminate inside certain given cutoff points (Flannery, 284-289). Part 33: The Carbon Dictator This section referenced Paul Crutzen who once helped spare the world from ozone exhaustion and is once more, back attempting to help with the present atmosphere issue. Flannery draws up three various conceivable environmental change results. The first being that human reaction is excessively moderate and results toward the finish of the earth as it is right now known. The subsequent situation takes into account people to evade obliteration by acting in great time, while the third chance is the place by setting up an Earth Commission for Thermostatic Control, we lessen emanations simply enough in order to

SIPA Faculty Member and Students Return from Haiti COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Faculty Member and Students Return from Haiti COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One key part of the education SIPA students get is professional experience.   SIPA students travel all over the world during the summer, winter, and spring breaks and are often in the middle of where news is happening.   This was the case with Haiti as well. Six SIPA students and SIPA faculty member Elisabeth Lindenmayer are safe after becoming trapped in Port-au-Prince, Haiti during the devastating earthquake that struck that country on January 12.   Lindenmayer, director of SIPAs United Nations Studies Program, and the six students were in Haiti on a UN study trip. After evacuating by helicopter to the Dominican Republic, all returned home on Friday, January 15. Everyone at SIPA is greatly relieved to hear that all involved in the development exercise are home safe.   For a more detailed article please visit the Columbia Spectator site.

Comparison - 1459 Words

How to spend a weekend in Vail, Co. Vail, Co is an amazing little village mainly known for its great snow and amazing mountains that form a king paradise for anyone that loves to practice this sport. The whole architecture of the village can resemble Strasbourg in France or somewhere in the middle of Germany. The town is full of restaurants that vary from all kinds of cuisines around the world, willing to please even the hardest pallets. No matter what time of the year you go, everywhere you look around they are families with their children playing around in the different parks and play area set around. Friends catching up drinking beer and lovers walking along the river. If you are worried about where you are going to stay, Vail offers†¦show more content†¦Dogs just walk around with their owners enjoying the weather and running up in to the mountains for their afternoon walk. It is hard to believe you are in the United States, especially because of its european architecture. Honestly this little village is si mply beautiful and perfect. We strolled around remembering all those wonderful memories we had of the place, while becoming more and more attached to Vail itself. After a while we went for an amazing lunch, and continued walking afterwards. It is hard to admire the amazing parks you can find here, but in the light of summer, they were just incredible. Trees tall as the clouds, with little wooden bridges crossing the river over and over. Here you can find concerts, weddings, friends gatherings and more. If you have small children it is just the place to take them to run around and enjoy the pleasures of being out. After walking around the entire town from east to west, and north to south we decided to go to the â€Å"Solaris† area, once there we sat down with a bottle of water and enjoy seeing the sunset from the village. One of Vails highlights for me has always been the fondue restaurant in the Sonnenalp Hotel. It is simply delicious, the cheese has just the right texture and flavors that combined with bread and a good wine makes you feel as if you were in heaven. Every time we go to Vail we try to save up some money, so we can enjoy this mouth-watering fondue, of course,Show MoreRelatedMedia Comparison Paper737 Words   |  3 PagesMedia Comparison Paper Since we have had to make choices and distinguish between one thing and another all of our lives, most of us like to see how others make their decisions. We especially appreciate this strategy if it helps us or informs us in some way. This paper is based on the media of comparing a newspaper ad to the internet ad. When you asked us to write a Compare and Contrast paper, I did not exactly know what you meant. After researching both concepts I learned about new things, ourRead MoreSocial Comparison In The Classroom1182 Words   |  5 Pagesmany different situations and environments. 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Cilia and Flagella Function

The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process Free Essays

Chapter FourMathematical Model Chapter Four THEORETICAL ANALYSISMA andMathematical Modeling Purpose of the survey is to probe of temperature as a factor that influences the conveyance of H2O across the membrane in FO procedure. The steady-state theoretical accounts have been developed to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux (JouleTungsten) as map of temperature (Thymine) and bulk concentration (C) ( i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Draw and Feed concentration ) . It was besides study the consequence of temperature on some belongingss, such as Solute diffusion coefficient (CalciferolSecond) , Mass transportation coefficient (K) , Permeability coefficient (A) and Solute electric resistance (Km) . 4.1 Osmotic Pressure The osmotic force per unit area (?) of a solution depends on the concentration of dissolved ions in solution and the temperature of solution, and can be computed by utilizing Va n’t Hoff equation: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.002.png" alt="" / WhereNis the van’t Hoff factor ( histories for the figure of single atoms of a compound dissolved in the solution ) ,?is the osmotic coefficient,Cis the molar concentration ( molar concentration ) of the solution,Roentgenis the gas invariable andThymineis the absolute temperature of the solution. The van’t Hoff factor is introduced to cover divergences from ideal solution behaviour that include finite volume occupied by solute molecules and their common attractive force as in new wave derWaals attractive force ( Howard, 2003 ) . Table 4.1 show osmotic coefficients (?) for a figure of solutes of physiological importance ( Khudair, 2011 ) . For all solutes?depends on the substance and on its concentration. As the concentration of any solute attacks zero its value of?attacks 1. In ideal solution,?= 1 ( Glass tone, 1974 ) . Table 4.1 Osmotic Coefficients (?) and Van’t Hoff Factor ( N ) for a Number of Solutes Substance Van’t Hoff Factor (N) Osmotic Coefficients ( ? ) NaCl 2 0.93 KCl 2 0.92 HCl 2 0.95 New hampshire4Chlorine2 2 0.92 NaHCO3 2 0.96 CaCl2 3 0.86 MgCl2 3 0.89 Sodium2So4 3 0.74 MgSO4 2 0.58 Glucose 1 1.01 Sucrose 1 1.02 4.2 Concentration Polarization 4.2.1 External Concentration Polarization Concentration polarisation ( CP ) is the accretion of solutes near the membrane surface and has inauspicious effects on membrane public presentation. The i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of H2O through the membrane brings feed H2O ( incorporating H2O and solute ) to the membrane surface, and as clean H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows through the membrane, the solutes accumulate near the membrane surface. Equations for concentration polarisation can be derived from i ¬?lm theory and mass balances. Harmonizing to i ¬?lm theory, a boundary bed signifiers at the surface of the membrane. Water and solutes move through the boundary bed toward the membrane surface. As H2O base on ballss through the membrane, the solute concentration at the membrane surface additions. The concentration gradient in the boundary bed leads to diffusion of solutes back toward the majority provender H2O. During uninterrupted operation, a steady-state status is reached in which the solute concentration at the membrane surface is changeless w ith regard to clip because the convective i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes toward the membrane is balanced by the diffusing i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes off from the surface. A mass balance can be developed at the membrane surface as follows: Mass accretion = mass in ? mass out ( 4.2 ) With no accretion of mass at steady province, the solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux toward the membrane surface must be balanced by i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uxes of solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡owing off from the membrane ( due to diffusion ) and through the membrane ( into the permeate ) as follows: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.003.png" alt="" / WhereMeteris mass of solute,Jouletungstenis the experimental permeate H2O flux,Tis clip,CalciferolSecondis the diffusion coefficient of the solute,omegathe distance perpendicular to membrane surface,Cpeis the solute concentration in the permeate andE‘is the surface country of membrane. Equation 4.3 applies non merely at the membrane surface but besides at any plane in the boundary bed because the net solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux must be changeless throughout the boundary bed to forestall the accretion of solute anyplace within that bed ( the last term in equation 4.3 represents the solute that must go through through the boundary bed and the membrane to stop up in the permeate ) . Rearranging and incorporating equation 4.3 across the thickness of the boundary bed with the boundary conditions C ( 0 ) = CMeterand C ( ?Bacillus) = CF, cell, where CF, cellis the concentration of provender cell solution and CMeteris the concentration at the membrane surface, are done in the undermentioned equations: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.004.png" alt="" / Integration outputs img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.005.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.006.png" alt="" / WhereKis the mass transportation coefficient and?Bacillusthickness of the boundary bed, rearranging the equation 4.6 when utilizing the van’t Hoff equation the eventually theoretical account from the concentrative external concentration polarisation at each permeate flux, could be calculated utilizing: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.007.png" alt="" / Where?F, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of feed solution at the majority and?F, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the provender solution at the surface membrane. Note that the advocate is positive, he pointed out that ?F, m A ; gt ; ?F, B. The draw solution in touch with the permeate side of membrane is the being diluted at the permeate membrane interface by the permeating H2O ( Moody and Kessler, 1976 ) . This is called diluted external CP. Both dilutive external CP phenomena cut down and concentrative the effectual osmotic driving force. A dilutive external CP modulus be identified as above, merely In the present instance, the concentration of the majority greater than concentration of the draw solution at the membrane surface ( i.e. ?D, B A ; gt ; ?D, m) ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.008.png" alt="" / Where?D, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the draw solution at the membrane surface and?D, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of draw solution at the majority. The general equation depicting H2O conveyance in FO, RO, and PRO is ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.009.png" alt="" / Where,Athe H2O permeableness invariable of the membrane, ? the contemplation coefficient, and a?† P is the applied force per unit area. For FO, a?† P is zero ; for RO, a?† P A ; gt ; a?† ? ; and for PRO, a?† ? A ; gt ; a?† P ( see figure 4.1 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.010.png" alt="" / Figure 4.1 Direction and magnitude of H2O as a map of ?P. To pattern the flux public presentation of the forward osmosis procedure in the presence of external concentration polarisation, we start with the flux equation for forward osmosis, given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.011.png" alt="" / We assume that the salt does non traverse membrane, the osmotic contemplation coefficient (?) , assume equal 1. Equation 4.10 predicts Flux as maps of driving force merely in the absence dilutive external concentration polarisation or concentrative, which may to be valid merely if the permeating flux is excessively low. When higher flux rates, must be modified to include this equation both the dilutive external concentration polarisation and concentrative: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.012.png" alt="" / Figure 4.2 ( a ) shows this phenomenon with a dense symmetric membrane ( McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . 4.2.2 Internal Concentration Polarization If the porousness support bed of asymmetric membrane confronting feed solution, as is the instance in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( PRO ) , Polarization bed is established along interior of heavy active bed as H2O and solute propagate the porousness bed ( Figure 4.2 ( B ) ) . This is referred to as concentrative internal concentration polarisation, this phenomenon is similar to concentrative external concentration polarisation, except that it takes topographic point within the porous bed, and therefore, can non be underestimated by cross flow ( Lee et al, 1981 ) Obtained look patterning this phenomenon in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( Loeb et al. 1997 ) . This equation describes internal concentration polarisation ( ICP ) the effects and how it links to H2O flux, salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) and H2O permeableness coefficient: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.013.png" alt="" / WhereKmis the opposition to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support bed,Kmis defined as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.014.png" alt="" / WhereSecondthe membrane structural parametric quantity,?mis the thickness,?is the tortuousness and?is the porousness of the support bed,Kmis a step how easy it can be dissolved widespread support inside and outside Layer, and hence is a step of the strength of ICP. We maintain the usage of theKmterm due to convention established in old surveies on internal concentration polarisation. Salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) is about negligible compared with the other footings in the equation 4.12. Therefore, we ignore salt flux in the way of H2O flux and any transition of salt from the permeate ( draw solution ) side ( Gray et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, flux can be solved for implicitly from equation 4.12: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.015.png" alt="" / The exponential term in equation 4.14 is the rectification factor that could be considered the concentrative internal concentration polarisation modulus, defined as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.016.png" alt="" / Where ?F, Iis the osmotic force per unit area of the feed solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The positive advocate indicates that ?F, I A ; gt ; ?F, B, or that the consequence is concentrative. Substitute Equation 4.8 into 4.14 to obtain an analytical theoretical account for the impact of internal and external concentration polarisation on H2O flux: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.017.png" alt="" / All the footings in equation 4.16 are readily determined through computations or experiments. From equation we can cipher the flux of H2O through the membrane where feeding solution is placed against asymmetric support bed and the draw solution on the active bed. In forward osmosis applications for desalinization and H2O intervention, the active bed of the membrane faces the provender solution and the porous support bed faces the draw solution ( Kessler and Moody, 1976 ) . As H2O permeates the active bed, the draw solution within the porous infrastructure becomes diluted. This is referred to as dilutive internal concentration polarisation ( Figure 4.2 ( degree Celsius ) ) . ( Loeb et al, 1997 ) Descriptions likewise flux behaviour in the development of forward osmosis: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.018.png" alt="" / When presuming that B = 0 ( i.e. , the salt permeableness is negligible ) and the equation 4.17 is agreement, are acquiring an inexplicit equation for the flux of H2O permeating: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.019.png" alt="" / Here, ?D, Bis now corrected by the dilutive internal concentration polarisation modulus, given by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.020.png" alt="" / Where ?D, Iis the concentration of the draw solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The negative advocate because the H2O flux is in the way off from the membrane active bed surface, In other words, the concentration polarisation consequence in our instance is dilutive, intending that ?D, I A ; lt ; ?D, Bby replacing equation 4.7 into 4.18, we get img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.021.png" alt="" / The footings in equation 4.20 are mensurable system conditions and membrane parametric quantities. Note that here ; dilutive internal concentration polarisation is coupled with concentrative external concentration polarisation, whereas in the equation 4.16, concentrative internal concentration polarisation was coupled with dilutive external concentration polarisation. In each of these instances, the external concentration polarisation and internal concentration polarisation moduli all contribute negatively to the overall osmotic drive force. The negative part of each addition with higher flux, which suggests a self-limiting flux behaviour, this implies that increasing osmotic drive force will supply decreasing additions in flux ( Tang et al. , 2010 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.022.png" alt="" /Figure 4.2 Illustration of osmotic driving force profiles for osmosis through several membrane types and orientations, integrating both internal and external concentration polarisation. ( a ) The profile illustrates concentrative and dilutive external CP. ( B ) PRO manner ; the profile illustrates concentrative internal CP and dilutive external CP. ( degree Celsius ) FO manner ; the profile illustrates dilutive internal CP and concentrative external CP (McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . In this hunt if taking transmembrane temperature difference into history, the temperature being next to membrane surface will besides differ from that in bulk solution due to the happening of heat transportation. Hence, utilizing van’t Hoff jurisprudence for computation of osmotic force per unit area requires the temperature points to be purely in line with the concentration points as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.023.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.024.png" alt="" / WhereC,TDandTFis the concentration, temperature draw and temperature, with the inferiors F, cell ( feed cell solution ) and D, cell ( draw cell solution ) . The theoretical account to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux can be rewritten to a modii ¬?ed by replacing equation 4.21 and 4.22 in 4.20, we get img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.025.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.026.png" alt="" /Figure 4.3 gives the conventional illustration of the concentration and temperature proi ¬?les in FO procedure operated under active bed – provender solution ( AL–FS ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.027.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.028.png" alt="" / Figure 4.3Conventional diagram of mass and heat i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux proi ¬?les within boundary bed and membrane during FO procedure under AL–FS manner in the presence of temperature difference ( TF, cell A ; gt ; TD, cell) . 4.3 Heat Flux Heat transportation from the solution to the membrane surface across the boundary bed in the side of the membrane faculty imposes a opposition to mass reassign The temperature at the membrane surface is lower than the corresponding value at the majority stage. This affects negatively the drive force for mass transportation. Under steady province conditions, derived from the heat balance, the heat transportation in the single compartments of system is represented by the undermentioned equation: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.029.png" alt="" / In which Q denotes the heat flux, and the inferiors FS – BL, m and DS – BL represent feed solution boundary bed, membrane and draw solution boundary bed. By stipulating the equation 4.24, we obtain img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.030.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.031.png" alt="" / WhereHis the single heat transportation coefi ¬?cient,CPthe specii ¬?c heat of H2O,?tungstenthe H2O denseness. Rearranging the equation 4.25 gives expressed looks of temperature near the membrane surfaces as ( Zhong et al. , 2012 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.032.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.033.png" alt="" / It is sensible to dei ¬?ne the temperature at interface of SL and AL by averaging theThymineF, mandThymineD, m img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.034.png" alt="" / 4.4 Heat Transfer Coefficients The finding of heat transportation coefi ¬?cientHis developed on the footing of the correlativity between Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl figure ( Holman, 2009 ) . For the laminar flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.035.png" alt="" / For the disruptive flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.036.png" alt="" / WhereNu=hL/? , Pr =CPhosphorus µ/? ,andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.037.png" alt="" /.Nu is the Nusselt figure,Rheniumthe Reynolds figure andPraseodymiumthe Prandtl figure. TheCPhosphorusis the specii ¬?c heat,Literlength of the channel, µthe dynamic viscousness, and ? the thermic conduction of NaCl solution. The value µis obtained harmonizing to µ = , in which?is the solution denseness, and?the kinematic viscousness. The dependance of?on temperature can be described by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.038.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.039.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.040.png" alt="" / Where img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.041.png" alt="" / And img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.042.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.043.png" alt="" /are the thermic conduction of H2O at temperature T and 298.15 K. The heat transportation coefficientHcalculated by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.044.png" alt="" / Where happenNufrom equation 4.29 or 4.30 The overall heat transportation coefficientHmof FO membrane embodies the thermic conduction of both liquid-phase H2O go throughing the micro pores and the solid-phase membrane img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.045.png" alt="" / 4.5 Mass Transfer Coefficient The mass transportation coefficient is a map of provender flow rate, cell geometry and solute system. Generalized correlativities of mass transportation, which have been used by several writers ( Sourirajan, 1970 ) , suggest that the Sherwood figure,Sh,is related to the Reynolds figure,Re,and Schmidt figure,Sc,as: For the laminar flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.046.png" alt="" / For the disruptive flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.047.png" alt="" / Whereimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.048.png" alt="" /andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.049.png" alt="" /.Shis the Sherwood figure,Scandiumthe Schmidt figure andvitamin DHis the hydraulic diameter, the hydraulic diameter is dei ¬?ned as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.050.png" alt="" / Where tungsten and h the channel breadth and channel tallness severally. The parametric quantities,CalciferolSecondand?rely strongly on temperature, which can be quantitatively determined by empirical equations below. For aqueous electrolyte like NaCl,CalciferolSecondvalue of the ions is presented by ( Beijing, 1988 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.051.png" alt="" / Where N ±is the absolute valley of ions ( i.e. N ±=1 ) , and ? ±is the tantamount conduction of Na+and Cl–ions, estimated as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.052.png" alt="" / ( 4.40 ) In whichimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.053.png" alt="" /( 5.1Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for Na ions ; 7.64Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for chloride ions ) is the mention tantamount conduction at 298.15 K ; temperature coefficientimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.054.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.055.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.056.png" alt="" /forSodium+, andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.057.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.058.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.059.png" alt="" /forimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.060.png" alt="" /, severally. The empirical equations were employed to gauge kinematic viscousness of NaCl solution as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.061.png" alt="" / Whereimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.062.png" alt="" /is the H2O viscousness at temperature T, expressed as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.063.png" alt="" / In whichvitamin E= 0.12,degree Fahrenheit= -0.44,-ˆ= -3.713,I=2.792 are the fitting parametric quantities,CSecondthe NaCl molar concentration, andThymineRoentgenthe normalized temperature. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.064.png" alt="" / There is besides another manner to cipher diffusion coefficient in the liquid stage of a dilute solution can be estimated by the Stokes – Einstein equation if the solute radius is clearly larger than the solvent radius img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.065.png" alt="" / WhereKBacillusis the Boltzmann invariable, T ( K ) is the absolute temperature,  µ is the dynamic viscousness of the liquid and ROis the radius of the solute. To cipher diffusion coefficients in aqueous solutions predict that diffusion coefficients really linearly with temperature and reciprocally with viscousness. Indeed, harmonizing to Li and Gregory, ( 1974 ) . In instance of the stokes – Einstein relation the diffusion coefficientD ( T )at a temperatureThymineis given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.066.png" alt="" / Where D( TO)is the diffusion coefficient at a mention temperatureThymineOand µ ( T )and µ ( TO)are the dynamic viscousnesss at temperaturesThymineandThymineO, severally. Note that temperatures are given in Kelvin. Finally the mass transportation coefficient K calculated by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.067.png" alt="" / WhereShdiscovery from equation 4.36 or 4.37 4.6 Water Permeability Coefficient The equation ciphering pure H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient A for FO procedure is derived from the theoretical account ; thereby the H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of rearward osmosis procedure is predicted ( Baker, 2004 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.068.png" alt="" / WhereCtungstenis the H2O molar concentration,Volttungstenthe molar volume of H2O,Calciferoleffthe effectual H2O molecule diffusivity within the pores of active bed of the FO membrane img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.069.png" alt="" / Wherevitamin DSecond( 4AO) andvitamin DPhosphorus( 7.2AO) are the diameter of H2O molecule and pore, and D the evident diffusivity, which is given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.070.png" alt="" / Along with H2O dynamic viscousness (  µw ) predicted by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.071.png" alt="" / There is besides another manner to cipher membrane permeableness ( A ) i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at-sheet bench-scale RO trial system was used to find the H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) of the CTA membrane. A membrane voucher holding an effectual surface country of 64 centimeter2was the active bed of the membrane confronting the provender solution. Mesh spacers placed in the provender channel enhanced the turbulency of the ultrapure H2O provender watercourse. A hard-hitting positive supplanting pump was used to recirculate the provender solution at 12 L/h. The FO membrane H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) was determined utilizing ( Lee et al. , 1981 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.072.png" alt="" / Where is the osmotic force per unit area difference across the membrane and ?P is the hydraulic force per unit area difference across the membrane. Because ultrapure H2O was used as the provender solution, was zero during the experiments. Pressure was increased from 1 saloon to 2 saloon. Pressure was held changeless at each increase for continuance of 3 h. Water i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux through the membrane was calculated based on the increasing weight of the permeant H2O on an analytical balance. The temperature was held changeless at 25OC. See figure 4.4 img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.073.png" alt="" / Figure 4.4 Flux vs. force per unit area and the swill is representedH2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) . 4.7 Recovery Percentage The recovery factor measures how much of the provender is recovered as permeate. It is reported as a per centum ( Al-Alawy, 2000 ) . The recovery of the membrane was calculated by spliting the overall of permeate rate by the provender rate solution. Recovery, or transition, is defined by: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.074.png" alt="" / WhereVoltPhosphorusis the overall permeate volume andVoltFis the provender volume solution. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.075.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.076.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.078.png" alt="" /img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.077.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.079.png" alt="" / Figure 4.5 the flow chart of patterning FO H2O flux at different temperature matrixes. 1 How to cite The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process, Essay examples

Catholics And Episcopalians Essay Example For Students

Catholics And Episcopalians Essay Catholics vs. Episcopalians, is there truly a distinction? When I recollect onmy religious tradition, Catholicism, I ponder on just how different it is inpractice and theology from that of protestant traditions. When examining I cameto compare how deeply Catholics and Episcopalians are divided on questions ofpolitical and religious leadership? Through research I have concluded thatCatholics and Episcopalians are vastly separated in political and religiousleadership and this factor is the foremost distinction between the twotraditions. Since the establishment of the Episcopalian Church we can see thelink between the Church of England and further with the Roman Catholic Church asstated, It was part of the Anglican Communion, formally organized inPhiladelphia in 1789 as the successor to the Church of England in the AmericanColonies. In points of doctrine, worship, and ministerial order, the churchdescended from and has remained associated with the Church of England. Thehistory of the ch urch began with the first permanent English settlement atJamestown, Va., in 1607. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) The establishmentof the Episcopalian Church was in fact for political and religious leadershipfreedom from its ties with The Church of England and in conjunction freedom fromthe Catholic Church. The differences in church organization are prevalent andare the main distinction between the two traditions. The Episcopalianorganization is described as; In the organization of the church, eachself-supporting congregation (parish) elects its lay governing board (vestry)for temporal affairs and its rector as spiritual leader. Congregations that arenot self-supporting (missions) are directed by the bishop of the area. In agiven area the parishes and missions make up a diocese, headed by a bishop. Allclergy and laity representing all congregations meet annually in convention toconduct the business of the diocese. The convention elects the bishop to serveuntil death or retirement. The dioceses and mission districts belong to theGeneral Convention, which meets triennially. All bishops are members of theHouse of Bishops, and the House of Delegates is made up of equal numbers ofclergy and laity. The Executive Council, the administrative agency of theGeneral Convention, is headed by the Presiding Bishop (elected by the House ofBishops), who also presides over the House of Bishops. (Encyclopedia BritannicaOnline) In contrast the Catholic Churchs political and religious leadershipis organized in a manner that follow a distinct order. This order can be groupedby papal authority, the Roman Curia and the college of Cardinals, the college ofbishops, ecumenical councils and the priesthood. Catholics also hold the Vaticanas the capital for Catholicism and place it as a global leadership source. Thestudy of these two traditions consisted of two visits to St.Johns EpiscopalChurch and two visits to St.Thomas Moore Catholic Church. The comparison ofthese traditions stimulate d interest in me due to two factors. First, I amCatholic and have been raised in the Catholic tradition, which stimulates muchinterest in the Episcopalian tradition. This will allow me to play both roles asan insider when I attend Catholic Church and as an outsider in the EpiscopalChurch. Secondly, until this religion course I was unaware of the details in theEpiscopal Church and wanted to further examine the tradition. In preparation tovisit St.Johns Episcopal Church I felt a discomfort due to unknown rituals,physical appearance of the church and its location in the downtown area. Ithought a good method of visiting the church would be to invite an Episcopalianfriend of mine. He agreed to visit the church with me and addressed the concernsI had in visiting the church. As I soon learned the issues I was concernedabout, should not have been a concern at all. I found that the rituals werealmost identical to that of the Roman Catholic faith. Rituals such as spokenprayers, hymns that wer e sung and receiving communion were done in an almostduplicate manner. I was fortunate enough to visit St.Johns Episcopal Churchon two special occasions. On my initial visit they had baptism of newborninfants. This was performed in the same manner as the Catholic method with theexception that Catholics do not perform baptisms during the regular Sunday mass. .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .postImageUrl , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:visited , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:active { border:0!important; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:active , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on th Essay On my second visit it was Saints Sunday in both traditions. This experiencealmost leads me to conclude that there was no difference in practicing rituals. Both traditions reflected on given Saints during the mass and explained how oneshould try to follow the examples of these Saints. The appearance of bothchurches truly enhanced my experience as a visitor. Visiting these localchurches reminded me of the pulchritude I witnessed visiting Catholic churchesin Spain this past summer. Both churches are laid out similar in that they arein a T shape. The pulpit was located in the middle where everyone isallowed to view the priest at the pulpit, although if you are seating along thesides, you would have a side view of the mass. The method in which the pews,windows and ceiling were constructed were also arranged similarly. The twonoticeable differences were the way the choirs were seated and the absence of astatue of Jesus on the cross. The choir in the Episcopal Church was seated toface each other and was significantly larger in quantity than that of theCatholic Church. After researching why the Episcopalian Church does not have astatue of Jesu s on the cross, I was unable to determine the reason, however Ithought that it is a notable difference. Being raised in a middle class family,I was accustom to attending church in a casual style wearing jeans and a niceshirt. My expectation of the attire at this particular Episcopal Church followedwas correct, formal dress. Everyone in the church was in formal wear, males woresuits, and females wore long dresses. This dress phenomenon I do not believe islinked to a particular faith, more to the social class that makes up the churchmembers. One aspects that Catholics seem to appraise more than Episcopalians isthe Virgin Mary. It is not that Episcopalians do not recognize the Virgin Mary,however they generally do not hold the caliber of importance as Catholics. In myvisits to the Catholic Church, I found statues of the Virgin Mary and peoplepraying over her statue. Other ritual practices which I noted to be differentwas how Catholics have confession and pray the rosary. Though Episcop alians donot practice confession, it should also be noted that the Catholic Church aschanged the magnitude of confession in the late twenty century. I have foundthat Catholics are adopting the protestant way of belief of forgiveness whichhas the general idea that God gave us Jesus to have a one-on-one relationshipwith God through Jesus therefore eliminating the need to confess to a priest. This argument is quite controversial and will continue to be a topic ofdiscussion for decades. When discussing the use of the rosary to a Episcopalianfriend of mine he stated that the tradition does not practice the use of arosary. This coincides with not having confession, since praying the rosary isoften something done after confession. In concluding I would have to say myexperience in surveying these different traditions was extremely educational. Itis interesting how much one can learn by exposing themselves to other traditionsand learning unfamiliar aspects of ones tradition. The research conducted ledme to affirm my statement that there is a strong divison on political andreligious leadership between these two traditions. However, I must say whatintrigued me the most was how similar a protestant tradition is to the Catholictradition and the only separation being the leadership and politics. BibliographyProtestant Episcopal Church Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed 15 November 1999Religion

Campus Bar Proposal free essay sample

Proposing a university-run campus bar will create a social environment where alcohol is provided, catering to students, faculty and staff, to promote the responsible use of alcohol, generates revenue and creates jobs for students in a controlled atmosphere. It can reduce drinking after driving incidents. Market Opportunity for Texas AM Twenty percent of students living on campus are over 21. (Golemo, 2011) Forty percent of students living in the University Apartments are of drinking age. The average age of the student population is 21. With the number of students living on campus increasing from 850 to 1000, the increasing number of off-campus residences available on Pelican Island, and the rapid growth of graduate students and programs available, the average age of the student body is expected to increase further to 23. The number of students likely to make use of the drinking services provided, the economic purchasing power, and demand for a campus bar makes it a viable market opportunity. We will write a custom essay sample on Campus Bar Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nearest pubs and bars are 10 miles from campus, requiring driving off Pelican Island for a drink. A bar on campus creates an opportunity for generating revenue. A lack of competition reduces the chances of reduction of business activity. With recent spikes in gas prices, a bar students can walk to on campus will ease the costs associated with driving. Proposal for campus bar 2 University Benefit The campus bar will create an opportunity to promote responsible drinking. Students will be treated as adults, realizing the importance of responsible actions. They can order a beer, get a glass of wine and hang with their peers and professors. It will help foster a sense of community on campus. The bar will be operated by students, with job opportunities for three bartenders and one waitstaff. It will provide an experience of daily business activities through serving customers, book-keeping and marketing. The University can realize $24,000 of revenue from sales margins each month, which may be reinvested to improve operations and facilities, encouraging sustainability and also reduce University budget strains. It will not rely on external funding for day-to-day operations. Student-Body Benefit Student satisfaction and the social demands will be addressed. The social environment provided will generate added satisfaction amongst students. Besides lighten the burden of going off campus to socialize, students have the opportunity of remaining on campus and enjoying a few drinks with friends, meeting new people, and enjoying a bar atmosphere. It will improve networking within the student body between students who live on campus and, the University Apartments. This encourages mutual respect amongst students. With an increase in older students staying on campus, an added camaraderie will be felt in the campus environment. Through the presence of music, artwork and good company, the campus bar will provide a leisure setting to sit and relax after lectures and stress of exams. Playing host to music events where students can attend or perform at, it will be a forum for music and art shows. Informal student organized events such as theme nights, quizzes and karaoke sessions may be held on location. The added benefits of pool Proposal for campus bar 3 tables and TV screens to catch the latest sporting action and popular daytime TV shows, will furthermore contribute to the satisfaction gained by students. Wine tasting, etiquette training, character building and other events aimed at facilitating personal development of students, can be organized and held at the bar. Safety and Control In the previous school year, 27 students were victims of harassment and physical assault at local bars in Galveston (PFA 1). The safety and concerns of the University over its students are a priority. The operations of the campus bar will reflect the Universitys safety regulations in accordance with alcohol laws enforced held by the state. A safe haven for students, staff and faculty alike, the bar will provide a mutual benefit to all – users and operators. Reducing the number of students going to bars off-campus will decrease the number of incidences of students being attacked. A strict restriction permitting only University students, staff, and their registered guests will prevent the risk of such incidences occurring on campus. Campus Police will be present to monitor the safety, well-being and control of guests at the campus bar. Alcohol will only be served to students, staff and faculty members in possession of a University Identification card. Between January and August this year, Campus Police have reported 29 driving after drinking incidents involving on-campus residents (PFA 2). On campus and within walking distance of Residence Halls and University Apartments, drinking after driving incidents will decrease. Proposal for campus bar 4 Cost Implication Opening the bar will cost $30,000. The costs include procuring electronic equipment and furniture. No additional space will be created. The Hullaballoo residence hall lobby will be used. It is a central location, 5 minutes walking distance from all residence halls on campus. It is a brightly lit, airconditioned, 1000 square foot floor space with a high ceiling. The campus bar will not add to electricity costs as the lobby is lit and air-conditioned all year round. Conclusion A university run campus bar will transform the campus to a â€Å"wet† campus, providing a social environment where alcohol is served will benefit students, faculty and staff at Texas AM University at Galveston. It will promote the responsible use of alcohol, generate revenue and create jobs for students in a controlled atmosphere, reducing driving after rinking incidents. It will also create an avenue for increased social networking and camaraderie amongst students and University staff alike. Personality development events organized at the campus bar will facilitate growth and development of students characters.

the eureka sockade essays

the eureka sockade essays The Eureka Stockade, which took place on Ballarat in 1854, can be seen as speeding up the process of democracy and self-government, but it cannot be classed as a turning point in Australias history. The colonies were already on the track of democracy when the Eureka Stockade took place. However, the Eureka Stockade did make an impact on society. The Eureka Stockade could take responsibility for giving birth to the union movement and plant the seeds of what would eventually become the labour movement. The Eureka Stockade was very popular with the people of the colony, and this in itself had a large impact on the colony, it did not influence the colony enough to class the events of the Eureka Stockade in 1854 as a turning point in Australias history. The new Victorian constitution had already been sent to England before the Eureka Stockade took place, therefore it cannot take credit for setting in motion, self- government, because it had already started. The constitution was sent to England in March 1854 , the Eureka Stockade did not take place until December of the same year, meaning that the process of self-government had been put in place eight months prior to the stockade. The Eureka Stockade had no real impact on the implementation of a self- governing body in the colony of Victoria. Democracy in the colonies was accelerated by the Eureka Stockade, but it was not started by it . The colony was slowly starting to move in the direction of democracy as the colony was slowly starting to become fed up with corrupt leaders and not having their say in matters that concerned them. It was the miners that were the most fed up with the leaders of the Victorian colony, as the police were corrupt and they thought it was very unfair that they were charged so much so often for their mining licences. This contempt for the current system culminated in the Eureka Stockade. T...

Legal skills assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal skills assignment - Essay Example Under the Solicitors’ Code of Conduct 2007 Rule 1.05 it states 9. You must provide a good standard of client care and of work, including the exercise of competence, skill and diligence. Disciplinary action will not always follow where breaches of this duty are minor and isolated. At one point in the interview the solicitor is asked by the client to explain the time limits that the solicitor mentions. The solicitor in this case makes no effort whatsoever to explain the time limits and in fact seems to totally ignore the request for further information. As this was a specific request by the solicitor he should have explained the time limits straightaway or at least have told the client that he would cover this later. In explaining the time limits the solicitor should have explained that under the Limitation Act 1980 a claim has to be brought within 3 years of the date of the accident. The solicitor also spends time on telling the client about the number of accidents that occur as a result of people using mobile phones whilst driving. This is totally irrelevant in this case and would only be relevant if the solicitor were to be suggesting that the chances of success of the case were remote as very few cases in this area had succeeded. Instead of commenting on the number of accidents that occur in this way the solicitor should have encouraged the client by stating that this will add to the liability of the defendant as he was not fully in control of the vehicle at the time of the accident. The solicitor should have explained that this could be used against the defendant if they try to deny liability as they could use the fact to demonstrate that he was not fully concentrating on the road at the time. It is also a criminal offence to use a mobile phone whilst driving which could mean that the defendant would face criminal charges for being on the phone. This would a lso strengthen a case against the defendant for compensation. If the

Com 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Com 4 - Assignment Example We hire a special class of employees who are dedicated to their work. We test dedication during probation by putting you through a number of jobs which will require you to persevere. If your probationary period goes well, you are hired! 3. Select the job you are interested in and email the job title to us at jobs@companio.com. We will send you an application form; an auto-response. Alternatively you can download the application form from the ‘Contact’ page on our website. 5. We require your CV to be attached. Make sure it is a recent one and has information regarding your recent employments, the latest educational degrees, any certifications you might be taking, hobbies and references. We will reject applications that do not have CVs with these prerequisites. Photographs are optional. 2. Once you are short-listed for the job we will send you an email. If you do not receive an email after a week it is probable that you have not been short-listed. You can still contact the HR on hr@companio.com for you

Comparison of UK and German Pension Systems

Comparison of UK and German Pension Systems This essay discusses two main questions: i) What are the main factors causing many people not to save towards their retirement, comparing men and women age 18 and over; and ii) Look at the differences between the pension system here in the UK and Germany, and what Germany is doing to make people save more than people save than in the UK. It is clear, across many European countries, that many individuals do not save as much as they could, and, in particular, are not saving adequate amounts towards their retirement. This applies equally for men and women and across many European countries. This problem is, however, particularly marked in the UK, with many individuals either simply not having any pension provisions or not contributing enough in to their pension scheme. In addition, many individuals in the UK simply do not save any proportion of their earnings, and spend as much, if not more, than they earn. This is not the case in Germany: practically every household saves substantial amounts, right up until old age, with only households in the very lowest proportions of the income distribution curve not saving (Borsch-Supan and Essig, 2003). 40% of households in Germany regularly save a fixed amount, with a further 45% saving, but not fixed amounts and not regularly; 25% of Germans save with a fixed savings target in mind, planning their savings towards these aims, with the majority of Germans preferring to cut household consumption, rather than touch their savings, if ends do not meet; indeed, 80% of Germans seldom go negative in their current accounts (Borsch-Supan and Essig, 2003). This is quite different to the pattern in the UK, where personal debt is currently the highest it has been for many decades, and many individuals do not plan for saving with distinct aims in mind, nor save towards any sort of pension scheme, leaving themselves open to problems when they come to retirement age. As shown by the OECD (2002), since 1985, the UK has consistently had a far lower household savings rate than Germany, with Germany averaging around 13.5% of disposable household income being saved, year on year since 1985, and the UK averaging around 5.5%, year on year since 1985 (OECD, 2002). In Germany, as in the UK, there are three main types of pension: state, company and private, with the adoption of private pensions being increasingly encouraged, due to the ageing population in both regions. There are many reasons cited for why people do not save enough towards their retirement, for example, the feeling that ‘I am too young to start saving for my pension’, ‘I don’t earn enough to be able to save for a pension’ or ‘I will get a state pension, so don’t need to worry’. All of these reasons are invalid, if they are studied further, as it is increasingly becoming the responsibility of the individual to provide for their retirement, and so saving for a pension should be a necessary expense; the sooner the individual starts to save, obviously, the more they will have in their pension fund when it comes to retirement age, and the more they will be able to take as a pension when they come to retire. It is thus beneficial fo r individuals to invest in their future, by saving regularly towards their retirement, but this notion does not seem to be as ingrained in the minds of individuals in the UK as it is in Germany. Until recently, 19.5% of incomes from German individuals was generally put towards private pensions, with private pension companies in the UK taking nowhere near this amount; 10-15% is a more normal average amount taken by UK company pension schemes (OECD, 2007). In addition, Germany has one of the highest levels of public spending on pensions in the OECD countries (11.5% of GDP, compared to 4.5% of GDP in the UK (Disney and Johnson, 2001)), although recently Germany has increased the retirement age above the traditional 65 years for men, to 67; a similar rise in the age of retirement from public pension plans has recently occurred in the UK (OECD, 2007). Contribution to private pension plans has the widest coverage in Germany of any OECD country, although the amounts contributed to private pension plans in Germany are low, when compared to the amounts German individuals put in to company pension schemes (OECD, 2007). In addition, fewer German individuals are switching from company p ension schemes to private pension schemes in Germany than in other OECD countries. Indeed, only 39.9% of individuals have switched from company to private pension schemes in Germany, with 53.4% of individuals switching to â€Å"personal account† pensions in the UK (OECD, 2007). Despite the seemingly high switch over from company pension schemes to private or â€Å"personal account† pensions in the UK, the UK government estimates that around 7 million individuals are not saving enough for their retirement, under any scheme, and that an additional 10 million individuals do not save for their retirement via their company pension scheme, which includes an employer contribution of a minimum of 3%. What are the reasons for these differences, and what are the main factors causing many people not to save towards their retirement? What is Germany doing, for example, that encourages more people to save than in the UK? The UK, traditionally, has higher levels of personal debt than Germany, with individuals from both regions having very different attitudes towards spending and saving, and where they choose to invest their savings. In addition, individuals who do save in the UK tend to ‘dip into’ their savings to buy luxury items, whereas German savers tend to leave their savings alone, and to buy luxury items, only when they can afford to do so, when they have saved, specifically, for that item. Given the ageing population, and the fact that not enough people are saving for their retirement, the UK is currently trying to increase saving towards pensions, particularly, with various tax incentives, through private pension taxation schemes and ISAs, for example, and the new ly introduced pension credit schemes. In conclusion, therefore, there seems to be a very negligent attitude towards saving, in general, in the UK, with saving for retirement being particularly neglected; Germany, on the other hand, with its tradition of low personal debt, and high household savings, has a high coverage of individuals saving towards their retirement, mostly through company, or, increasingly, private pension schemes. References Borsch-Supan, A. and Essig, L. (2003). Household saving in Germany: results of the first SAVE study. National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 9902. Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w9902 [Accessed 28th October 2008]. Disney, D. and Johnson, M. (2001). Pension systems and retirement incomes across OECD countries. Edward Elgar. OECD (2002). Household savings rates by country from 1985 through 2004 forecast. OECD Economic Outlook. OECD (2007). Pensions at a glance – public policies across OECD countries 2007 Edition. Available from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/42/38728511.pdf [Accessed on 28th October 2008].

Career as a Forensic Specialist Essay

My future career as a Forensic Specialist Everest University Online Strategies for success My future career as a Forensic Specialist When I look into the future, after finishing college, I see myself as a Forensic Specialist. Why do I see myself as a Forensic Specialist you may ask? Well I will tell you why, Forensics has been something I have found astonishing and amazing since I was a kid because it can be fascinating on some of the things they find and inspect. The things a Forensic Specialist does is hard work but it is science so it is fun to learn, and I myself can’t wait to get my hands involved with some of the things they do. Another reason why I choose to go into Forensics is because it is good money, and I am able to help solve crimes and maybe hopefully one day put an end to some of the stuff that goes on in the world. In the next few paragraphs I will go on to explain some of these and much more. Due to the advances in scientific technology in examining, crime scenes have turned the Forensic Specialist/Forensic Science jobs into very high demand. One of the very vast growing career fields in the world today is Forensic Specialist/Science field. To add to its popularity, Forensic Specialist jobs also include TV shows like CSI, or Crime Scene Investigators. The Forensic Specialist job field also has many subcategories which consist of forensic science consultants, fingerprint technicians and examiners, evidence technicians and forensic investigators. When it comes to schooling, In order to become a Forensic Specialist, several factors come into play. So just because you or someone else you may know, have a 4 year bachelors degree doesn’t always get you the job. Other factors that come into the play of this matter are training programs one may have taken, and or certificates or other degrees that a person may have obtained. The schooling usually only takes 2 years for an associates degree and 4 years for a bachelors. The pay of all science technicians, forensic specialist/scientists currently earn the second highest annual salary. In 2002 that pay was about $19. 73 an hour or approximately $41,000 but that isn’t the highest nor the lowest pay of a specialist. Depending on your rank, you could make as much as $31. 49 an hour or $65,000 annually and as low as $12. 06 an hour and $25,100 annually. The pay of a Forensic Specialist is determined on factors like the type of specialist you are, the rank in which you uphold, years of experience and the type of employment and its location. In 2012 the pay for a Forensic Specialist field will increase its pay by 19% with 360 job positions opening up each year. In conclusion to my research of becoming a Forensic specialist, I have came to make a choice to be one myself. For one I love investigating crime scenes, the pay sounds very good, and being as how I won’t graduate until 2013 or 2014 the pay that is suppose in 2012 will be even more once I start looking for a job in the field. Schooling to become such an expert isn’t all that bad, I mean 2 to 4 years isn’t a bad time limit for taking classes to get the degree I need to become a Forensic Specialist and to me will be well worth the money. Being as how the demand is so high for Forensic Specialist/Scientist I am sure there will be so many job openings when it comes time for me to go to work.

Gmat Cr

 ® GMAT ® Critical Reasoning Practice Set – 1 2 Aristotle Prep  ® Also Check Out: – Aristotle Sentence Correction Grail – Aristotle RC Practice Sets 1 & 2 -Ultimate One minute Explanations to OG12SC -Aristotle New SC Question bank Available for FREE Download on our website 1) Aristotle CR Question Bank 2) US B-Schools Ranking 2012 3) Quant Concepts & Formulae 4) Global B-School Deadlines 2012 5) OG 11 & 12 Unique Questions’ list 6) GMAT Scoring Scale Conversion Matrix 7) International (non-US) B-Schools Ranking www. aristotleprep. com 3 IntroductionA lot of GMAT instructors recommend that to improve their score on the Critical Reasoning section of the GMAT, students should practice from LSAT Logical Reasoning questions. While overall this strategy is fine, one problem students face is that a lot of the questions on the LSAT are not representative of those on the GMAT; some have dubious answers while some are of a question type that is not tested on t he GMAT at all. To help students overcome this problem we, at Aristotle, have come out with compilation of 101 LSAT questions that are very similar to those that students are likely to see on the GMAT.All these questions have been compiled from past official LSAT tests (tests which are readily available in the public domain) and we haven? t made any changes to these. An answer key has been provided at the end of this booklet but explanations for each answer have not been provided. In case you want detailed explanation to a question(s) please post the question(s) on „Forums? section on our website – www. aristotleprep. com – and one of experts will revert within 24 hours of the same. Good luck! CR Practice Set – 1 www. aristotleprep. com the the the our 4 1.Ann: All the campers at Camp Winnehatchee go to Tri -Cities High School Bill: That? s not true. Some Tri-Cities students are campers at Camp Lakemont. Bill? s answer can be best explained on the assumpti on that he has interpreted Ann? s remark to mean that (A) most of the campers at Camp Lakemont come from high schools other than T riCities (B) most Tri-Cities High School students are campers at Camp Winnehatchee (C) some Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont (D) all Tri-Cities High School students have withdrawn from Camp Lakemont (E) only campers at Camp Winnehatchee are students at Tri -Cities High School . More than a year ago, the city announced that police would crack down on illegally parked cars and that resources would be diverted from writing speeding tickets to ticketing illegally parked cars. But no crackdown has taken place. The police chief claims that resources have had to be diverted from writing speeding tickets to combating the city? s staggering drug problem. Yet the police are still writing as many speeding tickets as ever. Therefore, the excuse about resources being tied up in fighting drug-related crime simply is not true.The conclu sion in the passage depends on the assumption that (A) every member of the police force is qualified to work on combating the city? s drug problem (B) drug-related crime is not as serious a problem for the city as the police chief claims it is (C) writing speeding tickets should be as important a priority for the city as combating drug-related crime (D) the police could be cracking down on illegally parked cars and combating the drug problem without having to reduce writing speeding tickets (E) the police cannot continue writing as many speeding tickets as ever while diverting resources to combating drug-related crime . Dried grass clippings mixed into garden soil gradually decompose, providing nutrients for beneficial soil bacteria. This results in better -than-average plant growth. Yet mixing fresh grass clippings into garden soil usually causes poorer than-average plant growth. Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the difference in plant growth described abo ve? (A) The number of beneficial soil bacteria increases whenever any kind of plant material is mixed into garden soil. (B) Nutrients released by dried grass clippings are immediately available to beneficial soil bacteria. ww. aristotleprep. com 5 (C) Some dried grass clippings retain nutrients originally derived from commercial lawn fertilizers, and thus provide additional enrichment to the soil. (D) Fresh grass clippings mixed into soil decompose rapidly, generating high levels of heat that kill beneficial soil bacteria. (E) When a mix of fresh and dried grass clippings is mixed into garden soil, plant growth often decreases. 4. A gas tax of one cent per gallon would raise one billion dollars per year at current consumption rates.Since a tax of fifty cents per gallon would therefore raise fifty billion dollars per year, it seems a perfect way to deal with the federal budget deficit. This tax would have the addi tional advantage that the resulting drop in the demand for gasoline wo uld be ecologically sound and would keep our country from being too dependent on foreign oil producers. Which one of the following most clearly identifies an error in the author? s reasoning? (A) The author cites irrelevant data. (B) The author relies on incorrect current consumption figures. C) The author makes incompatible assumptions. (D) The author mistakes an effect for a cause. (E) The author appeals to conscience rather than reason. 5. There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific finding, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless hen other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results. Which one of the following, if true, wo uld weaken the argument? (A) Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated. (B) Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication. (C) Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication. (D) In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud. (E) Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone. 6.Alice: Quotas on automobile imports to the United States should be eliminated. Then domestic producers would have to compete directly with Japanese manufacturers and would be forced to produce higher-quality cars. Such competition would be good for consumers. www. aristotleprep. com 6 David: You fail to realize, Alice, that quotas on automobile imports are pervasive worldwide. Since German, Britain, and France have quotas, so should the United States. Which one of the following most accurately characterizes David? s response to Alice? s statement? (A) David falsely accuses Alice of contradicting herself. B) David unfairly directs his argument against Alice personally. (C) David uncovers a hidden assumption underlying Alice? s position. (D) David takes a position that is similar to the one Alice has taken. (E) David fails to address the reasons Alice cites in favour of her conclusion. 7. Governments have only one response to public criticism of soci ally necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources.However, sin ce public criticism of child-care services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond. Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? (A) The quality of child care will improve. (B) The cost of pr oviding child-care services will increase. (C) The government will use funding to foster advances in child care. (D) If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond. (E) If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase. . Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people? s tastes and wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material. Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument? A) The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers. (B) Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication. (C) The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew. (D) People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence. (E) It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group. www. aristotleprep. com 7 9.If retail stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pace with rising prices during the past year. Assuming the premises above to be true, if salaries have kept pace with ri sing prices during the past year, which one of the following must be true? (A) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed. B) Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this holiday season. (C) Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. (D) Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season. (E) Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. 10. The â€Å"suicide wave† that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact.Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher. Which one of the following, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the passage? (A) The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and societal factors during any given historical period. B) October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s. (C) The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years. (D) During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year. (E) Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months. 11.Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave www. aristotleprep. com 8 the nest. Thus, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience.Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument? (A) Blackbirds build better nests than other birds. (B) The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction. (C) The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time. (D) Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blac kbirds. (E) Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest. 12.How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots? lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends? A) Training programs can eliminate pilot errors. (B) Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers. (C) The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time. (D) Lack of actual flying time is an important contrib utor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. (E) Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. Questions 13-14 are based on the following: Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate.Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. 13.Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT: (A) Urban populations have doubled in the past de cade. (B) Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years. (C) Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen. www. aristotleprep. com 9 (D) By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures. (E) Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment. 14. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade. (B) Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma. (C) Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when used according to the recommended instructions. (D) The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other diseases that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not. (E) Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the u se of bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma. 15.There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) There are no artists who have insights into political issues. (B) A thorough education in art makers a person reasonably well educated. C) Every reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist. (D) Politicians rarely have any artistic talent. (E) Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well educated persons who are not artists. 16. Rita: The origin al purpose of government farm subsidy programs was to provide income stability for small family farmers. But most farm -subsidy money goes to a few farmers with large holdings. Payments to farmers whose income, before subsidies, is greater than $100,000 a year should be stopped.Thomas: It would be impossible to administer such a cut -off point. Subsidies are needed during the planting and growing season, but farmers do not know their income for given calendar year until tax returns are calculated and submitted the following April. Which one of the following, if true, is the strongest counter Rita can make to Thomas' objection? (A) It has become difficult for small farmers to obtain bank loans to be repaid later by money from subsidies. (B) Having such a cut-off point would cause some farmers whose income would otherwise exceed $100,000 to reduce their plantings. www. ristotleprep. com 10 (C) The income of a farmer varies because weather and market prices are not stable from year to year. (D) If subsidy payments to large farmers were eliminated the financial condition of the government would improve. (E) Subsidy cut-offs can be determined on the basis of income for the preceding year. 17. Modern physicians often employee laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in order to diagnose diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny coverage for certain laboratory tests therefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.Which one of the following is an assumption that would serve to justify the conclusion above? (A) Physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone. (B) Many physicians generally oppose insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce costs, limit the use of laboratory tests. (C) Many patients who might benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any form of health insurance. D) There a re some illnesses that experienced physicians can diagnose accurately from physicians examination alone. (E) Laboratory tests are more costly to perform than are physical examinations. 18. Oil analysts predict that if the price of oil falls by half, the consumer's purchase price for gasoline made from this oil will also fall by half. Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the prediction made by the oil analysts? (A) Improved automobile technology and new kinds of fuel for cars have enabled some drivers to use less gasoline. B) Gasoline manufacturers will not expand their profit margins. (C) There are many different gasoline companies that compete with each othe r to provide the most attractive price to consumers. (D) Studies in several countries show that the amount of gasoline purchased by consumers initially rises after the price of gasoline has fallen. (E) Refining costs, distribution costs, and taxes, none of which varies significantly with oil prices, constitute a large portion of the prices of gasoline. 19. A survey was recently conducted among ferry passengers on the North Sea.Among the results was this: more of those who had taken anti -seasickness medication before their trip reported symptoms of seasickness than those who had not taken such medication. It is clear then, that despite claims by drug companies that clinical tests show the contrary, people would be better off not taking anti -seasickness medications. Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above? www. aristotleprep. com 11 (A) Given rough enough weather, most ferry passengers will have some symptoms of seasickness. (B) The clinical tests reported by the drug companies were conducte d by the drug companies' staffs. C) People who do not take anti -seasickness medication are just as likely to respond to a survey on seasickness as people who do. (D) The seasickness symptoms of the people who took anti -seasickness medication wo uld have been more severe had they not taken the medication. (E) People who have spent money on anti -seasickness medication are less likely to admit symptoms of seasickness than those who have not. 20. Economic considerations colour every aspect of international dealings, and nations are just like individuals in that the lender sets the terms of its dealings with the borrower.That is why a nation that owes money to anoth er nation cannot be world leader. The reasoning in the passage assumes which one of the following? (A) A nation that does not lend to any other nation cannot be a world leader. (B) A nation that can set the terms of its dealings with other nations is certain to be a world leader. (C) A nation that has the terms of its dealings with another action set by that nation cannot be a world leader. (D) A nation that is a world leader can borrow from another nation as long as that other nation does not set the terms of the dealings between the two nations. E) A nation that has no dealings with any other nation cannot be world leader. 21. Political theorist: The chief foundations of all governments are the legal system and the police force and as there cannot be a good legal system where the police are not well paid, it follows that where the police are well paid there will be good legal system. The reasoning in the argument is not sound because it fails to establish that: (A) many governments with bad legal systems have poorly paid police forces. B) bad governments with good legal systems must have poorly paid police forces. (C) a well-paid police force cannot be effective without a good legal system. (D) a well-paid police force is sufficient to guarantee a good legal system (E) some bad governments have good legal systems. 22. Court records from medieval France show that in the years 1300 to 1400 the number of people arrested in the French realm for â€Å"violent interpersonal crimes† (not committed in wars) increased by 30 percent over the n umber of people arrested for such crimes in the years 1200 to 1300.The increase was not the result of false arrests; therefore, medieval France had a higher level of documented interpersonal violence in the years 1300 to 1400 than in the years 1200 to 1300. Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument? www. aristotleprep. com 12 (A) In the years 1300 to 1400 the French government's category of violent crimes included an increasing variety of interpersonal crimes that are actually nonviolent. (B) Historical accounts by monastic chroniclers in the years 1300 to 1400 are fill ed with descriptions of violent attacks committed by people living in the French realm C) The number of individual agreements between two people in which they swore oaths not to attack each other increased substantially after 1300. (D) When English armies tried to conquer parts of France in the mid – to late 1300s. violence in the northern province of Normandy and the south -western province of Gascony increased. (E) The population of medical France increased substantially during the first five decades of the 1300s until the deadly bubonic plague decimated the population of France after 1348. 23.Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of bean plants or other le gumes produce fixed nitrogen which is one of the essential plant nutrients and which for non -legume crops, such as wheat normally must be supplied by applications of nitrogen -based fertilizer. So if biotechnology succeeds in producing wheat strains whose r oots will play host to Rhizobium bacteria, the need for artificial fertilizers will be reduced. The argument above makes which one of the following assumptions? (A) Biotechnology should be directed toward producing plants that do not require artificial fertilizer. B) Fixed nitrogen is currently the only soil nutrient that must be supplied by artificial fertilizer for growing wheat crops. (C) There are no naturally occurring strains of w heat or other grasses that have Rhizobium bacteria living in their roots. (D) Legumes are currently the only crops that produce their own supply of fixed nitrogen. (E) Rhizobium bacteria living in the roots of wheat would produce fixed nitrogen. 24. Current legislation that requires designated sections for smokers and non-smokers on the premises of privately owned businesses is an intrusion into the private sector that cannot be justified.The fact that studies indicate that non-smokers might be harmed by inhaling the smoke from others' cig arettes is not the main issue. Rather, the main issue concerns the government's violation of the right of private businesses to determine their own policies and rule. Which one of the following is principle that, if accepted, could enable the conclusion to be properly drawn? (A) Government intrusion into the policies and rules of private businesses is justified only when individuals might be harmed. (B) The right of individuals to breathe safe air supersedes the right of businesses to be free from government intrusion. C) The right of businesses to self-determination overrides whatever right or duty the government may have to protect the individual. (D) It is the duty of private businesses to protect employees from harm in the workplace. (E) Where the rights of businesses and the duty of government conflict, the main issue is finding a successful compromise. www. aristotleprep. com 13 25. Leachate is a solution, frequently highly contaminated, that develops when water permeates a landfill site. If and only if the landfill's capacity to hold liquids is exceeded does the leachate escape into the environment, genera lly in unpredictable quantities.A method must be found for disposing of leachate. Most landfill leachate is send directly to sewage treatment plants, but not all sewage plants are capable of handling the highly contaminated water. Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? (A) The ability to predic t the volume of escaping landfill leachate would help solve the disposal problem. (B) If any water permeates a landfill, leachate will escape into the environment. (C) No sewage treatment plants are capable of handling leachate. (D) Some landfill leachate is send to sewage treatment plants that re incapable of handling it. (E) If leachate does not escape from a landfill into the environment, then the landfill's capacity to hold liquids has not been exceeded. 26. The soaring prices of scholarly and scientific journals have forced academic libraries used only by academic researchers to drastically reduce their list of subscriptions. Some have suggested that in each academic discipline subscription decisions should be determined solely by a journal's usefulness in that discipline, measured by the frequency with which it is cited in published writings by researchers in the discipline.Which one of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the sugge stion described above? (A) The non-academic readership of a scholarly or scientific journal can be accurately gauged by the number of times articles appearing in it are cited in daily newspapers and popular magazines. (B) The average length of a journal article in some sciences, such as physics, is less than half the average length of a journal article in some other academic disciplines, such as history. (C) The increasingly expensive scholarly journals are less and less likely to be available to the general public from non-academic public libraries. D) Researchers often will not cite a journal article that has influenced their work if they think that the journal in which it appears is not highly regarded by the leading researchers in the mainstream of the discipline (E) In some academic disciplines, controversies which begin in the pages of one journal spill over into articles in other journals that are widely read by researchers in the discipline. 27. The average level of fat in the blood of peo ple su ffering from acute cases of disease W is lower than the average level for the population as a whole.Nevertheless, most doctors believe that reducing blood-fat levels is an effective way of preventing acute W. www. aristotleprep. com 14 Which one of the following, if true, does most to justify this apparently paradoxical belief? (A) The blood level of fat for patients who have been cured of W is on average the same as that for the population at large. (B) Several of the symptoms characteristic of acute W have been produced in laboratory animals fed large doses of a synthetic fat substitute, though acute W itself has not been produced in this way. C) The progression from latent to acute W can occur only when the agent that causes acute W absorbs large quantities of fat from the patient's blood. (D) The levels of fat in the blood of patients who have disease W respond abnormally slowly to changes in dietary intake of fat. (E) High levels of fat in the blood are indicative of several di seases that are just as serious as W. 28. Baking for winter holidays is tradition that may have a sound medical basis. In midwinter, when days are short, many people suffer from a specific type of seasonal depression caused by lack of sunlight.Carbohydrates, both sugars and starches, boost the brain's levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that improve the mood. In this respect, carbon hydrates act on the brain in the same way as some antidepressants. Thus, eating holiday cookies may provide an effective form of self prescribed medication. Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? (A) Seasonal depression is one of the most easily treated forms of depression. (B) Lack of sunlight lowers the level of serotonin in the brain. (C) People are more likely to be depressed in midwinter than at other times of the year. D) Some antidepressants act by changing the brain's level of serotonin. (E) Raising the level of neurotransmitters in the brain effectively relieve s depression. 29. The current proposal to give college students a broader choice in planning their own courses of study should be abandoned. The students who are supporting the proposal will never be satisfied, no matter what requirements are established. Some of these students have reached their third year without declaring a major. One first-year student has failed to complete four required courses. Several others have indicated a serious indifference to grades and intellectual achievement.A flaw in the argument is that it does which one of the following? (A) avoids the issue by focusing on supporters of the proposal (B) argues circularly by assuming the conclusion is true in stating the premises. (C) fails to define the critical term â€Å"satisfied† (D) distorts the proposal advocated by opponents (E) users the term â€Å"student† equivocally 30. The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is certainly imprecise because we are not sure ho w different from us something might be and still count as â€Å"intelligent life†. Yet we cannot just decide to define â€Å"intelligent life† in www. ristotleprep. com 15 some more precise way since it is likely that we will find and recognize intelligent life elsewhere in the universe only if we leave our definitions open to new, unimagined possibilities. The argument can most reasonably be interpreted as an objection to which one of the following claims? (A) The question whether intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe is one that will never be correctly answered. (B) Whether or not there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, our understanding of intelligent life is limited. (C) The question about the existence of intelligent life elsewhere in the niverse must be made more precise if we hope to answer it correctly. (D) The question whether there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is so imprecise as to be meaningless. (E) The question whe ther there is intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is one we should not spend our time trying to answer. 31. Pedro: Unlike cloth diapers, disposable diapers are a threat to the environment. Sixteen billion disposable diapers are discarded annually, filling up landfills at an alarming rate. So people must stop buying disposable diapers and use cloth diapers.Maria: But you forget that cloth diapers must be washed in hot water, which requires energy. Moreover, the resulting wastewater pollutes our rivers. When families use diaper services, diapers must be delivered by fuel -burning trucks that pollute the air and add to traffic congestion. Maria objects to Pedro's argument by (A) claiming that Pedro overstates the negative evidence about disposable diapers in the course of his argument in favour of cloth diapers. (B) indicating that Pedro draws a hasty conclusion, based on inadequate evidence about cloth diapers. C) pointing out that there is an ambiguous use of the word â€Å"d isposable† in Pedro's argument (D) demonstrating that cloth diapers are a far more serious threat to the environment than disposable diapers are (E) suggesting that the economic advantages of cloth diapers outweigh whatever environmental damage they may cause 32. In an experiment, two-year-old boys and their fathers made pie dough together using rolling pins and other utensils. Each father-son pair used a rolling pin that was distinctively different from those used by the other, â€Å"father -son pairs, and each father repeated the phrase â€Å"rolling pin† each time his son used it.But when the children were asked to identify all of the rolling pins among a group of kitchen utensils that included several rolling pins, each child picked only the one that he had used. Which one of the following inferences is most supported by the information above? (A) The children did not grasp the function of rolling pin. www. aristotleprep. com 16 (B) No two children understood the n ame â€Å"rolling pin† to apply to the same object (C) The children understood that all rolling pins have the same general shape. (D) Each child was able to identify correctly only the utensils that he had used. E) The children were not able to distinguish the rolling pins they used from other rolling pins. 33. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of peopl e is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine. A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument (A) attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises. B) attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population. (C) fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine. (D) ignores the fact th at some cocaine users do not test positive. (E) advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine. 34. With the passage of the new tax reform law the annual tax burden on low -income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers.Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion above? (A) Tax reform, by simplifying the tax code will save many people the expense of having an accountant do their taxes. (B) Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for low-income taxpayers. (C) Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong advocates of tax reform. (D) The new tax reform laws will permit low and middle-income taxpayers to deduct Child-care expenses from their taxes. E) Under the new tax reform laws, many low-i ncome taxpayers who now pay taxes will no Longer be required to do so. 35. If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system our next manned flight should be to Phobos, one of Mars? s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The fli ght times to each are the same but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be much less costly. So, it is clear that Phobos should be our next step in space exploration. Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the difference in fuel requirement? A) More equipment would be required to explore Phobos than to explore Mars. (B) Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships. www. aristotleprep. com 17 (C) Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars. (D) The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance Between Earth and Mars. (E) Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos req uires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos weaker gravitational pull. 36.Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produ ced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers. (B) It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received (C) The number of cit ations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports. (D) The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are prod uced by international collaboration. E) International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers. 37. It is more desirable to have some form of socialized medicine than a system of medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly accessible than is private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior.Which one of the following best indicates a flaw in the argument about the technological superiority of socialized medicine? (A) The lower infant mortality rate might be due to the systems allowing greater acce ss to Medical care (B) There is no necessary connection between the economic system of socialism and Technological achievement. (C) Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children. (D) No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories, â€Å"socialized† and â€Å"private-sector†. E) The argument presupposes the desirability of socialized medicine, which is what the Argument seeks to-establish. www. aristotleprep. com 18 38. Lourdes: Dietary fibre is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fibre a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fibre that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut act on fibre intake Which one of the following, if true, most undermines Kyra? s recommendation? A) Among adults, the average cons umption of dietary fibre is at present approximately 10 grams a day. (B) The more a food is processed, the more the fibre is broken down and the lower the fibre content. (C) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are economical and readily available (D) Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis. (E) Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fibre are popular with consumers. 39. Book Review: When I read a novel set in a city I know well, I must see that the writer knows the city as well as I do if I am to take that writer seriously.If the writer is faking I know immediately and do not trust the writer. When a novelist demonstrates the required knowledge, I trust the story teller, so I trust the tale. This trust increases my enjoyment of a good novel. Peter Lee's second novel is set in San Francisco, in this novel, as in his first, Lee passes my test with flying colours. Which one of the following can be properly inferred fr om the passage? (A) The book reviewer enjoys virtually any novel written by a novelist whom she trusts B) If the book reviewer trusts the novelist as a storyteller, the novel in question must be set in a city the book reviewer knows well (C) Peter Lee's first novel was set in San Francisco (D) The book reviewer does not trust any novel set in a city that she does not know well (E) The book reviewer does not believe that she knows San Francisco better than Peter Lee does 40. Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fundraisers or backroom strategists but few actually seek to become president themselves.Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been l awyers, military leaders, or full -time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coor dinative; as a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power sharin g, which are inherent in politics. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president? A) Many of the most active presidential fundraisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians. www. aristotleprep. com 19 (B) Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power sharing than are business executives. (C) Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader. (D) Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office (E) Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president. 1. A scientific theory is a good theory i f it satisfies two requirements – it must accurately describe a large class of observati ons in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle? s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements – earth, air, fire, and water – satisfied the first requirement but it did not make any definite prediction. Thus, Aristotle? cosmological theory was not a good theory. If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT: (A) Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory. (B) Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle? s cosmological Theory (C) Four elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simp le enough to meet the Simplicity criterion of a good theory. (D) A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory (E) Aristotle? cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements. 42. Compared to non-profit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor -owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are non-profit hospitals. Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above? (A) Non-profit hospitals charge more per bed than do investor-owned hospitals. B) Patients in non-profit hospitals recover more quickly than don patients with comparable Illnesses in investor-owned hospitals (C) Non-profit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals. (D) Doctors at non-profit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly qualified doctors at investor-owned hospitals. (E) Non-profit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. 43. The ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten , who had a profound effect during his lifetime on Egyptian art and religi on, was well loved and highly respected by his subjects.We know this from the fierce loyalty show to him by his palace guards, as documented in reports written during Akhenaten? s reign. A questionable technique used in the argument is to: www. aristotleprep. com 20 (A) Introduce information that actually contradicts the conclusion (B) Rely on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge (C) Make a generalization based on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative (D) Depend on the ambiguity of the term â€Å"ancient† (E) Apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times 44.Zelda: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behaviour generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow? s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect.Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson? s argument? (A) Dr. Ladlow? s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rates will perform in a maze is inaccurate (B) Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly co nclude that those theories cannot be disproved (C) No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations. (D) Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze E) Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psyc hologists. 45. Smith: Meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith? s reasoning? (A) Attacking the opponents? motives instead of their argument (B) Generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of a typical cases (C) Assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning D) Appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advic e about an issue (E) Taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, in their best interest 46. The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin? s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery ww w. aristotleprep. com 1 provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? (A) The brain of person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia (B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used i n its treatment. (C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of person who is not twines. D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size (E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not. 47. Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when, and in the company of how many people . It was found that at meals with which they drank alcoholic beverages, they consumed about 175 calories more from non-alcoholic source than they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic beverages.Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the difference in caloric intake EXCEPT: (A) Diners spent a much longer time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those serve without alcohol. (B) The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and later meals were more likely to include alcohol. (C) People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tended to be present at meal served with alcohol than at meal s served without alcohol. D) The meals that were most carefully prepared and most attractively served tended to be those at which alcoholic beverages were consumed (E) At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from carbohydrates and relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins. 48. Somet hing must be done to ease traffic congestion. In traditional small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they lived, but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from residential areas, people cannot avoid travelling long distances each day.Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways, the maximum speed averages only 35 miles per hour. Which one of the following proposals is most supported by the statements above? (A) The maximum speed limit on major highways should be increased. (B) People who now travel on major highways should be encouraged to travel on secondary roads instead. (C) Residents of the remaining traditional small towns should be encouraged to move to the suburbs. www. aristotleprep. com 22 (D) Drivers who travel well below the maximum speed limit on major highways should be fined. E) New businesses should be encouraged to locate closer to w here their workers would live. 49. College professor: College stu dents do not write nearly as well as they used to. Almost all of the papers that my students have done for me this year have been poorly written and ungrammatical. Which one of the following is the most serious weakness in the argument made by the professor? (A) It requires confirmation that the change in the professor's students is representative of a change among college students in general. (B) It offers no proof to the effect that the professor is an accurate judge of writing ability. C) It does not take into account the possibility that the professor is a poor teacher. (D) It fails to present contrary evidence. (E) It fails to define its terms sufficiently. 50. Mayor of Plainsville: In order to help the economy of Plainsville, I am using some of our tax revenues to help bring a major highway through the town and thereby attract new business to Plainsville. Citizens' group: You must have interests other than our economy in mind. If you were really interested in helping our econo my, you would instead allocate the revenues to building a new business park since it would bring in twice the business that your highway would.The argument by the citizens group relies on which one of the following assumptions? (A) Plainsville presently has no major highways running through it. (B) The mayor accepts that a new business park would bring in more new business than would the new highway. (C) The new highway would have no benefits for Plainsville other than attracting new business. (D) The mayor is required to get approval for all tax revenue allocation plans from the city council. (E) Plainsville's economy will not be helped unless a new business park of the sort envisioned by the citizens' group is built. 51.Recently, highly skilled workers in Eastern Europe have left jobs in record numbers to emigrate to the West. It is therefore likely that skilled workers who remain in Eastern Europe are in high demand in their home countries. Which one of the following, if true, mo st seriously weakens the argument? (A) Eastern European factories prefer to hire workers from their home countries rather than to import workers from abroad. www. aristotleprep. com 23 (B) Major changes in Eastern European economic structures have led to the elimination of many positions previously held by the highly skilled emigrants. C) Many Eastern European emigrants need to acquire new skills after finding work in the West. (D) Eastern European countries plan to train many new workers to replace the highly skilled workers who have emigrated. (E) Because of the departure of skilled workers from Eastern European countries, many positions are now unfilled. 52. Two palaeontologists, Dr Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr.Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to th e next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot. Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson's conclusion. Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion? (A) The foot prints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals. B) Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe. (C) Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross -stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous. (D) When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased. (E) Most of the other footprints at site G were of animal s with hooves. 53.It is not known whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a disease of cattle invariably deadly to them, can be transmitted directly from one infected animal to another at all stages of the infection. If it can be, there is now a reservoir of infected cattle incubating the disease. There are no diagnostic tests to identify infected animals before the animals show overt symptoms. Therefore, if such direct transmission occurs, the disease cannot be eradicated by ____ Which one of the following best completes the argument? (A) removing from the herd and destroying any diseased animal as soon as it shows the typical symptoms of advanced BSE B) developing a drug that kills the agent that cause BSE, and then treating with that drug all cattle that might have the disease (C) destroying all cattle in areas where BSE occurs and raising cattle only in areas to which BSE is known not to have spread (D) developing a vaccine that confers lifelong immunity against BSE and giving it to all cattle, destroying in due course all those animals for which the vaccine protection came too late www. aristotleprep. com 24 (E) developing a diagnostic test that does identify any infected animal and destroying all animals found to be infected 4. Auto industry executive: Statistics show that cars that were built smaller af ter 1977 to make them more fuel-efficient had a higher incidence of accident-related fatalities than did their earlier larger counterparts. For this reason we oppose recent guidelines that would require us to produce cars with higher fuel efficiency. Which of the following, if true, would constitute the strongest objection to the executive's argument? (A) Even after 1977, large automobiles were frequently involved in accidents that caused death or serious injury. B) Although fatalities in accidents involving small cars have increased since 1977, the number of accidents has decreased. (C) New computerized fuel systems can enable large cars to meet fuel efficiency standards established by the recent guidelines. (D) Modern technology can make small cars more fuel-efficient today than at any other time in their production history. (E) Fuel efficiency in models of large cars rose immediately after 1977 but has been declining ever since. 55. No one who lacks knowledge of a subject is competent to pass judgment on that subject.Since political know-how is a matter, not of adhering to technical rules, but of insight and style learned through apprenticeship and experience, only seasoned politicians are competent to judge whether a particular political policy is fair to all. A major weakness of the argument is that it (A) relies on a generalization about the characteristic that makes someone competent to pass judgment (B) fails to give specific examples to illustrate how political know-how can be acquired (C) uses the term â€Å"apprenticeship† to describe what is seldom a formalized relationship D) equates political know-how w ith understanding the social implications of political policies (E) assumes that when inexperienced politicians set policy they are guided by the advice of more experienced politicians 56. Impact craters caused by meteorites smashing into earth, have been found all around the globe but they have been found in the greatest density in geologically stable regions. This relatively greater abundance of securely identified crater s in geologically stable regions must be explained by the lower rates of d estructive geophysical processes in those regions.The conclusion is properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? (A) A meteorite that strikes exactly the same spot as an earlier meteorite will obliterate all traces of the earlier impact. www. aristotleprep. com 25 (B) Rates of destructive geophysical processes within any given region vary markedly throughout geological time. (C) The rate at which the Earth is struck by meteorites has greatly increased in geologically recent tim es. (D) Actual meteorite impacts have been scattered fairly evenly over the Earth's surface in the course of Earth's geological history. E) The Earth's geologically stable regions have been studied more intensively by geologists than have its less stable regions. 57. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened. Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument? A) Maintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant drain on a country's economy. (B) From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could st ill trigger a third world war between superpowers. (C) Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increases the likelihood of a nuclear accident. (D) The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear onfrontation. (E) It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace. 58. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960. Which one of the following most helps account for the apparent contradict ion above? (A) A disproportionately large number of high -ranking alumni responded to the survey. B) Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank. (C) Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey. (D) Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey. (E) Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades. 59. The seventeenth-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton is remembered chiefly for his treaties on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for www. aristotleprep. com 26 any years based on the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and produce rejuvenating elixirs. If the alchemists of the seventeenth century had published the results of their experiments, chemistry in the eighteenth century would have been more advanced that it actually was. Which one of the following assumptions would allow the conclusion concerning eighteenth-century chemistry to be properly drawn? (A) Scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of s ome of the great scientists. B) Advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are available for review by other scientists. (C) Newton's work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide acceptance if the results of his work in alchemy had also been made public. (D) Increasing specialization within the sciences makes it difficult for scientists in one field to understand the principles of other fields. (E) The seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goals only if their experiments had been subjected to public scrutiny. 0. Sedimentary rock hardens within the earth's crust as lavers of matter accumulate and the pressure of the layers above converts the layers below into rock. One particular layer of sedimentary rock that contains an unusual amount of the element iridium has been presented as support for a theory that a meteorite collided with the earth some sixty million years ago. Meteorites are rich in iridium compared to the earth's crust, and geologists theorize that a meteorite's collision with the earth raised a huge cloud of iridium-laden dust.The dust, they say, event