SIPA Faculty Member and Students Return from Haiti COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

SIPA Faculty Member and Students Return from Haiti COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One key part of the education SIPA students get is professional experience.   SIPA students travel all over the world during the summer, winter, and spring breaks and are often in the middle of where news is happening.   This was the case with Haiti as well. Six SIPA students and SIPA faculty member Elisabeth Lindenmayer are safe after becoming trapped in Port-au-Prince, Haiti during the devastating earthquake that struck that country on January 12.   Lindenmayer, director of SIPAs United Nations Studies Program, and the six students were in Haiti on a UN study trip. After evacuating by helicopter to the Dominican Republic, all returned home on Friday, January 15. Everyone at SIPA is greatly relieved to hear that all involved in the development exercise are home safe.   For a more detailed article please visit the Columbia Spectator site.

Comparison - 1459 Words

How to spend a weekend in Vail, Co. Vail, Co is an amazing little village mainly known for its great snow and amazing mountains that form a king paradise for anyone that loves to practice this sport. The whole architecture of the village can resemble Strasbourg in France or somewhere in the middle of Germany. The town is full of restaurants that vary from all kinds of cuisines around the world, willing to please even the hardest pallets. No matter what time of the year you go, everywhere you look around they are families with their children playing around in the different parks and play area set around. Friends catching up drinking beer and lovers walking along the river. If you are worried about where you are going to stay, Vail offers†¦show more content†¦Dogs just walk around with their owners enjoying the weather and running up in to the mountains for their afternoon walk. It is hard to believe you are in the United States, especially because of its european architecture. Honestly this little village is si mply beautiful and perfect. We strolled around remembering all those wonderful memories we had of the place, while becoming more and more attached to Vail itself. After a while we went for an amazing lunch, and continued walking afterwards. It is hard to admire the amazing parks you can find here, but in the light of summer, they were just incredible. Trees tall as the clouds, with little wooden bridges crossing the river over and over. Here you can find concerts, weddings, friends gatherings and more. If you have small children it is just the place to take them to run around and enjoy the pleasures of being out. After walking around the entire town from east to west, and north to south we decided to go to the â€Å"Solaris† area, once there we sat down with a bottle of water and enjoy seeing the sunset from the village. One of Vails highlights for me has always been the fondue restaurant in the Sonnenalp Hotel. It is simply delicious, the cheese has just the right texture and flavors that combined with bread and a good wine makes you feel as if you were in heaven. Every time we go to Vail we try to save up some money, so we can enjoy this mouth-watering fondue, of course,Show MoreRelatedMedia Comparison Paper737 Words   |  3 PagesMedia Comparison Paper Since we have had to make choices and distinguish between one thing and another all of our lives, most of us like to see how others make their decisions. We especially appreciate this strategy if it helps us or informs us in some way. This paper is based on the media of comparing a newspaper ad to the internet ad. When you asked us to write a Compare and Contrast paper, I did not exactly know what you meant. After researching both concepts I learned about new things, ourRead MoreSocial Comparison In The Classroom1182 Words   |  5 Pagesmany different situations and environments. Social comparisons take place in the workplace, at school, within friend groups and many other areas. The social comparison theory may give us more knowledge about why and how we perform these comparisons. Leon Festinger was the psychologist who first brought up the idea of the social comparison theory. According to the theory, there exists two types of comparisons- upward and downward. The upward comparisons involve comparing ourselves to other people whoRead MoreIphone 6 Vs. Samsung Note 4 : The Phablet Comparison Guide3466 Words   |  14 PagesiPhone 6 Plus vs. Samsung Note 4: The Phablet Comparison Guide Copyright  © 2014 Conceptual Kings. All are rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review. Introduction The comparison between these two devices can become a passionate one as users each have their preferences which essentially is what means more to them. ToRead MoreThe Social Comparison Theory: Being a Zero653 Words   |  3 PagesThe Social Comparison Theory: Being a Zero Just a few years ago, being referred to as a â€Å"zero† was something that everyone wanted to avoid. Someone that was a â€Å"zero† was laughed at and ridiculed for being worthless and unpopular. It has not been until recently that being a â€Å"zero† could be a good thing. 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Read MorePoetry Comparative Essay Guide1500 Words   |  6 Pagesnuanced comparison of the poems considering how the language and form contribute to the overall meaning of the poems, and the relationships, themes and ideas that the poets are trying to present to the audience. What is the Examiner looking for in an A* response to the Poetry? An A* response is characterised by a conceptualised, insightful and imaginative approach to the texts that combines an analytical and exploratory use of detail in each poem individually with evaluative comparison across bothRead MoreEssay on Self-esteem and Impression Management1314 Words   |  6 Pagesand Impression Management Consideration of a person’s perspective â€Å"self† and the processes used to determine behaviors is one element of social psychology. Some of the processes and theories are: impression management, social tuning, social comparisons, mindsets, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This work will examine the basic premises of each of these along with personal examples provided by the author. Impression Management Impression management is the use of conscious or subconsciousRead MoreWhat I Learned From Taking American Civilization 1700905 Words   |  4 Pagesable to reference and support any claims that are made. Another, weakness I found with the paper was the formatting of the paper. I didn’t like how I listed the comparisons all in a row, than I listed the contrasts. I look at the paper now and I think it may have read better if I had listed a comparison followed by a contrast. The comparison contrast essay turned out great even though I feel it had its weakness’s. I am proud of the work I did on it, and I am proud of what I learned from it. This paperRead MoreMetaphors And Material, Tying And Training Texts : Metaphors For Revision, By Barbara Tomlinson1210 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphors are complex comparisons used in American writing. They can be used to compare and analyze numerous things like expressions, objects, activities, and how we think. In the book, Tuning, Tying and Training Texts: Metaphors for Revision, Barbara Tomlinson, the author, discusses her viewpoints on metaphors and how they relate to the process of revision. She talks about how we come to adopt our writing process which is through, â€Å"†¦metacognitive expressions and culturally shared information† (TomlinsonRead MoreHca 270 Week 6 Comparative Data Essay624 Words   |  3 Pages |Compare to Other Organizations: In any organization they will always be compe tition of sorts. If your company is trying to reach a goal that another larger company has accomplished then | | |you will make a comparison to find out what type of growth you need. In some cases you might even try to implement the same guidelines to follow as the other company. | | |

Cilia and Flagella Function

The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process Free Essays

Chapter FourMathematical Model Chapter Four THEORETICAL ANALYSISMA andMathematical Modeling Purpose of the survey is to probe of temperature as a factor that influences the conveyance of H2O across the membrane in FO procedure. The steady-state theoretical accounts have been developed to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux (JouleTungsten) as map of temperature (Thymine) and bulk concentration (C) ( i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Draw and Feed concentration ) . It was besides study the consequence of temperature on some belongingss, such as Solute diffusion coefficient (CalciferolSecond) , Mass transportation coefficient (K) , Permeability coefficient (A) and Solute electric resistance (Km) . 4.1 Osmotic Pressure The osmotic force per unit area (?) of a solution depends on the concentration of dissolved ions in solution and the temperature of solution, and can be computed by utilizing Va n’t Hoff equation: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.002.png" alt="" / WhereNis the van’t Hoff factor ( histories for the figure of single atoms of a compound dissolved in the solution ) ,?is the osmotic coefficient,Cis the molar concentration ( molar concentration ) of the solution,Roentgenis the gas invariable andThymineis the absolute temperature of the solution. The van’t Hoff factor is introduced to cover divergences from ideal solution behaviour that include finite volume occupied by solute molecules and their common attractive force as in new wave derWaals attractive force ( Howard, 2003 ) . Table 4.1 show osmotic coefficients (?) for a figure of solutes of physiological importance ( Khudair, 2011 ) . For all solutes?depends on the substance and on its concentration. As the concentration of any solute attacks zero its value of?attacks 1. In ideal solution,?= 1 ( Glass tone, 1974 ) . Table 4.1 Osmotic Coefficients (?) and Van’t Hoff Factor ( N ) for a Number of Solutes Substance Van’t Hoff Factor (N) Osmotic Coefficients ( ? ) NaCl 2 0.93 KCl 2 0.92 HCl 2 0.95 New hampshire4Chlorine2 2 0.92 NaHCO3 2 0.96 CaCl2 3 0.86 MgCl2 3 0.89 Sodium2So4 3 0.74 MgSO4 2 0.58 Glucose 1 1.01 Sucrose 1 1.02 4.2 Concentration Polarization 4.2.1 External Concentration Polarization Concentration polarisation ( CP ) is the accretion of solutes near the membrane surface and has inauspicious effects on membrane public presentation. The i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of H2O through the membrane brings feed H2O ( incorporating H2O and solute ) to the membrane surface, and as clean H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ows through the membrane, the solutes accumulate near the membrane surface. Equations for concentration polarisation can be derived from i ¬?lm theory and mass balances. Harmonizing to i ¬?lm theory, a boundary bed signifiers at the surface of the membrane. Water and solutes move through the boundary bed toward the membrane surface. As H2O base on ballss through the membrane, the solute concentration at the membrane surface additions. The concentration gradient in the boundary bed leads to diffusion of solutes back toward the majority provender H2O. During uninterrupted operation, a steady-state status is reached in which the solute concentration at the membrane surface is changeless w ith regard to clip because the convective i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes toward the membrane is balanced by the diffusing i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow of solutes off from the surface. A mass balance can be developed at the membrane surface as follows: Mass accretion = mass in ? mass out ( 4.2 ) With no accretion of mass at steady province, the solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux toward the membrane surface must be balanced by i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uxes of solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡owing off from the membrane ( due to diffusion ) and through the membrane ( into the permeate ) as follows: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.003.png" alt="" / WhereMeteris mass of solute,Jouletungstenis the experimental permeate H2O flux,Tis clip,CalciferolSecondis the diffusion coefficient of the solute,omegathe distance perpendicular to membrane surface,Cpeis the solute concentration in the permeate andE‘is the surface country of membrane. Equation 4.3 applies non merely at the membrane surface but besides at any plane in the boundary bed because the net solute i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux must be changeless throughout the boundary bed to forestall the accretion of solute anyplace within that bed ( the last term in equation 4.3 represents the solute that must go through through the boundary bed and the membrane to stop up in the permeate ) . Rearranging and incorporating equation 4.3 across the thickness of the boundary bed with the boundary conditions C ( 0 ) = CMeterand C ( ?Bacillus) = CF, cell, where CF, cellis the concentration of provender cell solution and CMeteris the concentration at the membrane surface, are done in the undermentioned equations: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.004.png" alt="" / Integration outputs img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.005.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.006.png" alt="" / WhereKis the mass transportation coefficient and?Bacillusthickness of the boundary bed, rearranging the equation 4.6 when utilizing the van’t Hoff equation the eventually theoretical account from the concentrative external concentration polarisation at each permeate flux, could be calculated utilizing: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.007.png" alt="" / Where?F, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of feed solution at the majority and?F, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the provender solution at the surface membrane. Note that the advocate is positive, he pointed out that ?F, m A ; gt ; ?F, B. The draw solution in touch with the permeate side of membrane is the being diluted at the permeate membrane interface by the permeating H2O ( Moody and Kessler, 1976 ) . This is called diluted external CP. Both dilutive external CP phenomena cut down and concentrative the effectual osmotic driving force. A dilutive external CP modulus be identified as above, merely In the present instance, the concentration of the majority greater than concentration of the draw solution at the membrane surface ( i.e. ?D, B A ; gt ; ?D, m) ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.008.png" alt="" / Where?D, mis the osmotic force per unit areas of the draw solution at the membrane surface and?D, Bis the osmotic force per unit areas of draw solution at the majority. The general equation depicting H2O conveyance in FO, RO, and PRO is ( Cath et al. , 2006 ) : img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.009.png" alt="" / Where,Athe H2O permeableness invariable of the membrane, ? the contemplation coefficient, and a?† P is the applied force per unit area. For FO, a?† P is zero ; for RO, a?† P A ; gt ; a?† ? ; and for PRO, a?† ? A ; gt ; a?† P ( see figure 4.1 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.010.png" alt="" / Figure 4.1 Direction and magnitude of H2O as a map of ?P. To pattern the flux public presentation of the forward osmosis procedure in the presence of external concentration polarisation, we start with the flux equation for forward osmosis, given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.011.png" alt="" / We assume that the salt does non traverse membrane, the osmotic contemplation coefficient (?) , assume equal 1. Equation 4.10 predicts Flux as maps of driving force merely in the absence dilutive external concentration polarisation or concentrative, which may to be valid merely if the permeating flux is excessively low. When higher flux rates, must be modified to include this equation both the dilutive external concentration polarisation and concentrative: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.012.png" alt="" / Figure 4.2 ( a ) shows this phenomenon with a dense symmetric membrane ( McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . 4.2.2 Internal Concentration Polarization If the porousness support bed of asymmetric membrane confronting feed solution, as is the instance in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( PRO ) , Polarization bed is established along interior of heavy active bed as H2O and solute propagate the porousness bed ( Figure 4.2 ( B ) ) . This is referred to as concentrative internal concentration polarisation, this phenomenon is similar to concentrative external concentration polarisation, except that it takes topographic point within the porous bed, and therefore, can non be underestimated by cross flow ( Lee et al, 1981 ) Obtained look patterning this phenomenon in force per unit area retarded osmosis ( Loeb et al. 1997 ) . This equation describes internal concentration polarisation ( ICP ) the effects and how it links to H2O flux, salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) and H2O permeableness coefficient: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.013.png" alt="" / WhereKmis the opposition to solute diffusion within the membrane porous support bed,Kmis defined as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.014.png" alt="" / WhereSecondthe membrane structural parametric quantity,?mis the thickness,?is the tortuousness and?is the porousness of the support bed,Kmis a step how easy it can be dissolved widespread support inside and outside Layer, and hence is a step of the strength of ICP. We maintain the usage of theKmterm due to convention established in old surveies on internal concentration polarisation. Salt permeableness coefficient ( B ) is about negligible compared with the other footings in the equation 4.12. Therefore, we ignore salt flux in the way of H2O flux and any transition of salt from the permeate ( draw solution ) side ( Gray et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, flux can be solved for implicitly from equation 4.12: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.015.png" alt="" / The exponential term in equation 4.14 is the rectification factor that could be considered the concentrative internal concentration polarisation modulus, defined as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.016.png" alt="" / Where ?F, Iis the osmotic force per unit area of the feed solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The positive advocate indicates that ?F, I A ; gt ; ?F, B, or that the consequence is concentrative. Substitute Equation 4.8 into 4.14 to obtain an analytical theoretical account for the impact of internal and external concentration polarisation on H2O flux: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.017.png" alt="" / All the footings in equation 4.16 are readily determined through computations or experiments. From equation we can cipher the flux of H2O through the membrane where feeding solution is placed against asymmetric support bed and the draw solution on the active bed. In forward osmosis applications for desalinization and H2O intervention, the active bed of the membrane faces the provender solution and the porous support bed faces the draw solution ( Kessler and Moody, 1976 ) . As H2O permeates the active bed, the draw solution within the porous infrastructure becomes diluted. This is referred to as dilutive internal concentration polarisation ( Figure 4.2 ( degree Celsius ) ) . ( Loeb et al, 1997 ) Descriptions likewise flux behaviour in the development of forward osmosis: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.018.png" alt="" / When presuming that B = 0 ( i.e. , the salt permeableness is negligible ) and the equation 4.17 is agreement, are acquiring an inexplicit equation for the flux of H2O permeating: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.019.png" alt="" / Here, ?D, Bis now corrected by the dilutive internal concentration polarisation modulus, given by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.020.png" alt="" / Where ?D, Iis the concentration of the draw solution on the interior of the active bed within the porous support. The negative advocate because the H2O flux is in the way off from the membrane active bed surface, In other words, the concentration polarisation consequence in our instance is dilutive, intending that ?D, I A ; lt ; ?D, Bby replacing equation 4.7 into 4.18, we get img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.021.png" alt="" / The footings in equation 4.20 are mensurable system conditions and membrane parametric quantities. Note that here ; dilutive internal concentration polarisation is coupled with concentrative external concentration polarisation, whereas in the equation 4.16, concentrative internal concentration polarisation was coupled with dilutive external concentration polarisation. In each of these instances, the external concentration polarisation and internal concentration polarisation moduli all contribute negatively to the overall osmotic drive force. The negative part of each addition with higher flux, which suggests a self-limiting flux behaviour, this implies that increasing osmotic drive force will supply decreasing additions in flux ( Tang et al. , 2010 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.022.png" alt="" /Figure 4.2 Illustration of osmotic driving force profiles for osmosis through several membrane types and orientations, integrating both internal and external concentration polarisation. ( a ) The profile illustrates concentrative and dilutive external CP. ( B ) PRO manner ; the profile illustrates concentrative internal CP and dilutive external CP. ( degree Celsius ) FO manner ; the profile illustrates dilutive internal CP and concentrative external CP (McCutcheon and Elimelech, 2006 ) . In this hunt if taking transmembrane temperature difference into history, the temperature being next to membrane surface will besides differ from that in bulk solution due to the happening of heat transportation. Hence, utilizing van’t Hoff jurisprudence for computation of osmotic force per unit area requires the temperature points to be purely in line with the concentration points as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.023.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.024.png" alt="" / WhereC,TDandTFis the concentration, temperature draw and temperature, with the inferiors F, cell ( feed cell solution ) and D, cell ( draw cell solution ) . The theoretical account to foretell H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux can be rewritten to a modii ¬?ed by replacing equation 4.21 and 4.22 in 4.20, we get img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.025.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.026.png" alt="" /Figure 4.3 gives the conventional illustration of the concentration and temperature proi ¬?les in FO procedure operated under active bed – provender solution ( AL–FS ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.027.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.028.png" alt="" / Figure 4.3Conventional diagram of mass and heat i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux proi ¬?les within boundary bed and membrane during FO procedure under AL–FS manner in the presence of temperature difference ( TF, cell A ; gt ; TD, cell) . 4.3 Heat Flux Heat transportation from the solution to the membrane surface across the boundary bed in the side of the membrane faculty imposes a opposition to mass reassign The temperature at the membrane surface is lower than the corresponding value at the majority stage. This affects negatively the drive force for mass transportation. Under steady province conditions, derived from the heat balance, the heat transportation in the single compartments of system is represented by the undermentioned equation: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.029.png" alt="" / In which Q denotes the heat flux, and the inferiors FS – BL, m and DS – BL represent feed solution boundary bed, membrane and draw solution boundary bed. By stipulating the equation 4.24, we obtain img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.030.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.031.png" alt="" / WhereHis the single heat transportation coefi ¬?cient,CPthe specii ¬?c heat of H2O,?tungstenthe H2O denseness. Rearranging the equation 4.25 gives expressed looks of temperature near the membrane surfaces as ( Zhong et al. , 2012 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.032.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.033.png" alt="" / It is sensible to dei ¬?ne the temperature at interface of SL and AL by averaging theThymineF, mandThymineD, m img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.034.png" alt="" / 4.4 Heat Transfer Coefficients The finding of heat transportation coefi ¬?cientHis developed on the footing of the correlativity between Nusselt, Reynolds and Prandtl figure ( Holman, 2009 ) . For the laminar flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.035.png" alt="" / For the disruptive flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.036.png" alt="" / WhereNu=hL/? , Pr =CPhosphorus µ/? ,andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.037.png" alt="" /.Nu is the Nusselt figure,Rheniumthe Reynolds figure andPraseodymiumthe Prandtl figure. TheCPhosphorusis the specii ¬?c heat,Literlength of the channel, µthe dynamic viscousness, and ? the thermic conduction of NaCl solution. The value µis obtained harmonizing to µ = , in which?is the solution denseness, and?the kinematic viscousness. The dependance of?on temperature can be described by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.038.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.039.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.040.png" alt="" / Where img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.041.png" alt="" / And img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.042.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.043.png" alt="" /are the thermic conduction of H2O at temperature T and 298.15 K. The heat transportation coefficientHcalculated by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.044.png" alt="" / Where happenNufrom equation 4.29 or 4.30 The overall heat transportation coefficientHmof FO membrane embodies the thermic conduction of both liquid-phase H2O go throughing the micro pores and the solid-phase membrane img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.045.png" alt="" / 4.5 Mass Transfer Coefficient The mass transportation coefficient is a map of provender flow rate, cell geometry and solute system. Generalized correlativities of mass transportation, which have been used by several writers ( Sourirajan, 1970 ) , suggest that the Sherwood figure,Sh,is related to the Reynolds figure,Re,and Schmidt figure,Sc,as: For the laminar flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.046.png" alt="" / For the disruptive flow: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.047.png" alt="" / Whereimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.048.png" alt="" /andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.049.png" alt="" /.Shis the Sherwood figure,Scandiumthe Schmidt figure andvitamin DHis the hydraulic diameter, the hydraulic diameter is dei ¬?ned as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.050.png" alt="" / Where tungsten and h the channel breadth and channel tallness severally. The parametric quantities,CalciferolSecondand?rely strongly on temperature, which can be quantitatively determined by empirical equations below. For aqueous electrolyte like NaCl,CalciferolSecondvalue of the ions is presented by ( Beijing, 1988 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.051.png" alt="" / Where N ±is the absolute valley of ions ( i.e. N ±=1 ) , and ? ±is the tantamount conduction of Na+and Cl–ions, estimated as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.052.png" alt="" / ( 4.40 ) In whichimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.053.png" alt="" /( 5.1Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for Na ions ; 7.64Ãâ€"10-3m2/? for chloride ions ) is the mention tantamount conduction at 298.15 K ; temperature coefficientimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.054.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.055.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.056.png" alt="" /forSodium+, andimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.057.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.058.png" alt="" /,img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.059.png" alt="" /forimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.060.png" alt="" /, severally. The empirical equations were employed to gauge kinematic viscousness of NaCl solution as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.061.png" alt="" / Whereimg src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.062.png" alt="" /is the H2O viscousness at temperature T, expressed as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.063.png" alt="" / In whichvitamin E= 0.12,degree Fahrenheit= -0.44,-ˆ= -3.713,I=2.792 are the fitting parametric quantities,CSecondthe NaCl molar concentration, andThymineRoentgenthe normalized temperature. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.064.png" alt="" / There is besides another manner to cipher diffusion coefficient in the liquid stage of a dilute solution can be estimated by the Stokes – Einstein equation if the solute radius is clearly larger than the solvent radius img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.065.png" alt="" / WhereKBacillusis the Boltzmann invariable, T ( K ) is the absolute temperature,  µ is the dynamic viscousness of the liquid and ROis the radius of the solute. To cipher diffusion coefficients in aqueous solutions predict that diffusion coefficients really linearly with temperature and reciprocally with viscousness. Indeed, harmonizing to Li and Gregory, ( 1974 ) . In instance of the stokes – Einstein relation the diffusion coefficientD ( T )at a temperatureThymineis given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.066.png" alt="" / Where D( TO)is the diffusion coefficient at a mention temperatureThymineOand µ ( T )and µ ( TO)are the dynamic viscousnesss at temperaturesThymineandThymineO, severally. Note that temperatures are given in Kelvin. Finally the mass transportation coefficient K calculated by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.067.png" alt="" / WhereShdiscovery from equation 4.36 or 4.37 4.6 Water Permeability Coefficient The equation ciphering pure H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient A for FO procedure is derived from the theoretical account ; thereby the H2O i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux of rearward osmosis procedure is predicted ( Baker, 2004 ) img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.068.png" alt="" / WhereCtungstenis the H2O molar concentration,Volttungstenthe molar volume of H2O,Calciferoleffthe effectual H2O molecule diffusivity within the pores of active bed of the FO membrane img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.069.png" alt="" / Wherevitamin DSecond( 4AO) andvitamin DPhosphorus( 7.2AO) are the diameter of H2O molecule and pore, and D the evident diffusivity, which is given as img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.070.png" alt="" / Along with H2O dynamic viscousness (  µw ) predicted by img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.071.png" alt="" / There is besides another manner to cipher membrane permeableness ( A ) i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at-sheet bench-scale RO trial system was used to find the H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) of the CTA membrane. A membrane voucher holding an effectual surface country of 64 centimeter2was the active bed of the membrane confronting the provender solution. Mesh spacers placed in the provender channel enhanced the turbulency of the ultrapure H2O provender watercourse. A hard-hitting positive supplanting pump was used to recirculate the provender solution at 12 L/h. The FO membrane H2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) was determined utilizing ( Lee et al. , 1981 ) . img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.072.png" alt="" / Where is the osmotic force per unit area difference across the membrane and ?P is the hydraulic force per unit area difference across the membrane. Because ultrapure H2O was used as the provender solution, was zero during the experiments. Pressure was increased from 1 saloon to 2 saloon. Pressure was held changeless at each increase for continuance of 3 h. Water i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ux through the membrane was calculated based on the increasing weight of the permeant H2O on an analytical balance. The temperature was held changeless at 25OC. See figure 4.4 img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.073.png" alt="" / Figure 4.4 Flux vs. force per unit area and the swill is representedH2O permeableness coefi ¬?cient ( A ) . 4.7 Recovery Percentage The recovery factor measures how much of the provender is recovered as permeate. It is reported as a per centum ( Al-Alawy, 2000 ) . The recovery of the membrane was calculated by spliting the overall of permeate rate by the provender rate solution. Recovery, or transition, is defined by: img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.074.png" alt="" / WhereVoltPhosphorusis the overall permeate volume andVoltFis the provender volume solution. img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.075.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.076.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.078.png" alt="" /img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.077.png" alt="" / img src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1898671.079.png" alt="" / Figure 4.5 the flow chart of patterning FO H2O flux at different temperature matrixes. 1 How to cite The Influence of Temperature in the Forward Osmosis Process, Essay examples

Catholics And Episcopalians Essay Example For Students

Catholics And Episcopalians Essay Catholics vs. Episcopalians, is there truly a distinction? When I recollect onmy religious tradition, Catholicism, I ponder on just how different it is inpractice and theology from that of protestant traditions. When examining I cameto compare how deeply Catholics and Episcopalians are divided on questions ofpolitical and religious leadership? Through research I have concluded thatCatholics and Episcopalians are vastly separated in political and religiousleadership and this factor is the foremost distinction between the twotraditions. Since the establishment of the Episcopalian Church we can see thelink between the Church of England and further with the Roman Catholic Church asstated, It was part of the Anglican Communion, formally organized inPhiladelphia in 1789 as the successor to the Church of England in the AmericanColonies. In points of doctrine, worship, and ministerial order, the churchdescended from and has remained associated with the Church of England. Thehistory of the ch urch began with the first permanent English settlement atJamestown, Va., in 1607. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) The establishmentof the Episcopalian Church was in fact for political and religious leadershipfreedom from its ties with The Church of England and in conjunction freedom fromthe Catholic Church. The differences in church organization are prevalent andare the main distinction between the two traditions. The Episcopalianorganization is described as; In the organization of the church, eachself-supporting congregation (parish) elects its lay governing board (vestry)for temporal affairs and its rector as spiritual leader. Congregations that arenot self-supporting (missions) are directed by the bishop of the area. In agiven area the parishes and missions make up a diocese, headed by a bishop. Allclergy and laity representing all congregations meet annually in convention toconduct the business of the diocese. The convention elects the bishop to serveuntil death or retirement. The dioceses and mission districts belong to theGeneral Convention, which meets triennially. All bishops are members of theHouse of Bishops, and the House of Delegates is made up of equal numbers ofclergy and laity. The Executive Council, the administrative agency of theGeneral Convention, is headed by the Presiding Bishop (elected by the House ofBishops), who also presides over the House of Bishops. (Encyclopedia BritannicaOnline) In contrast the Catholic Churchs political and religious leadershipis organized in a manner that follow a distinct order. This order can be groupedby papal authority, the Roman Curia and the college of Cardinals, the college ofbishops, ecumenical councils and the priesthood. Catholics also hold the Vaticanas the capital for Catholicism and place it as a global leadership source. Thestudy of these two traditions consisted of two visits to St.Johns EpiscopalChurch and two visits to St.Thomas Moore Catholic Church. The comparison ofthese traditions stimulate d interest in me due to two factors. First, I amCatholic and have been raised in the Catholic tradition, which stimulates muchinterest in the Episcopalian tradition. This will allow me to play both roles asan insider when I attend Catholic Church and as an outsider in the EpiscopalChurch. Secondly, until this religion course I was unaware of the details in theEpiscopal Church and wanted to further examine the tradition. In preparation tovisit St.Johns Episcopal Church I felt a discomfort due to unknown rituals,physical appearance of the church and its location in the downtown area. Ithought a good method of visiting the church would be to invite an Episcopalianfriend of mine. He agreed to visit the church with me and addressed the concernsI had in visiting the church. As I soon learned the issues I was concernedabout, should not have been a concern at all. I found that the rituals werealmost identical to that of the Roman Catholic faith. Rituals such as spokenprayers, hymns that wer e sung and receiving communion were done in an almostduplicate manner. I was fortunate enough to visit St.Johns Episcopal Churchon two special occasions. On my initial visit they had baptism of newborninfants. This was performed in the same manner as the Catholic method with theexception that Catholics do not perform baptisms during the regular Sunday mass. .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .postImageUrl , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:visited , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:active { border:0!important; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:active , .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280 .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5ac43aa75969b5a6845b6c75146d4280:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on th Essay On my second visit it was Saints Sunday in both traditions. This experiencealmost leads me to conclude that there was no difference in practicing rituals. Both traditions reflected on given Saints during the mass and explained how oneshould try to follow the examples of these Saints. The appearance of bothchurches truly enhanced my experience as a visitor. Visiting these localchurches reminded me of the pulchritude I witnessed visiting Catholic churchesin Spain this past summer. Both churches are laid out similar in that they arein a T shape. The pulpit was located in the middle where everyone isallowed to view the priest at the pulpit, although if you are seating along thesides, you would have a side view of the mass. The method in which the pews,windows and ceiling were constructed were also arranged similarly. The twonoticeable differences were the way the choirs were seated and the absence of astatue of Jesus on the cross. The choir in the Episcopal Church was seated toface each other and was significantly larger in quantity than that of theCatholic Church. After researching why the Episcopalian Church does not have astatue of Jesu s on the cross, I was unable to determine the reason, however Ithought that it is a notable difference. Being raised in a middle class family,I was accustom to attending church in a casual style wearing jeans and a niceshirt. My expectation of the attire at this particular Episcopal Church followedwas correct, formal dress. Everyone in the church was in formal wear, males woresuits, and females wore long dresses. This dress phenomenon I do not believe islinked to a particular faith, more to the social class that makes up the churchmembers. One aspects that Catholics seem to appraise more than Episcopalians isthe Virgin Mary. It is not that Episcopalians do not recognize the Virgin Mary,however they generally do not hold the caliber of importance as Catholics. In myvisits to the Catholic Church, I found statues of the Virgin Mary and peoplepraying over her statue. Other ritual practices which I noted to be differentwas how Catholics have confession and pray the rosary. Though Episcop alians donot practice confession, it should also be noted that the Catholic Church aschanged the magnitude of confession in the late twenty century. I have foundthat Catholics are adopting the protestant way of belief of forgiveness whichhas the general idea that God gave us Jesus to have a one-on-one relationshipwith God through Jesus therefore eliminating the need to confess to a priest. This argument is quite controversial and will continue to be a topic ofdiscussion for decades. When discussing the use of the rosary to a Episcopalianfriend of mine he stated that the tradition does not practice the use of arosary. This coincides with not having confession, since praying the rosary isoften something done after confession. In concluding I would have to say myexperience in surveying these different traditions was extremely educational. Itis interesting how much one can learn by exposing themselves to other traditionsand learning unfamiliar aspects of ones tradition. The research conducted ledme to affirm my statement that there is a strong divison on political andreligious leadership between these two traditions. However, I must say whatintrigued me the most was how similar a protestant tradition is to the Catholictradition and the only separation being the leadership and politics. BibliographyProtestant Episcopal Church Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Accessed 15 November 1999Religion

Campus Bar Proposal free essay sample

Proposing a university-run campus bar will create a social environment where alcohol is provided, catering to students, faculty and staff, to promote the responsible use of alcohol, generates revenue and creates jobs for students in a controlled atmosphere. It can reduce drinking after driving incidents. Market Opportunity for Texas AM Twenty percent of students living on campus are over 21. (Golemo, 2011) Forty percent of students living in the University Apartments are of drinking age. The average age of the student population is 21. With the number of students living on campus increasing from 850 to 1000, the increasing number of off-campus residences available on Pelican Island, and the rapid growth of graduate students and programs available, the average age of the student body is expected to increase further to 23. The number of students likely to make use of the drinking services provided, the economic purchasing power, and demand for a campus bar makes it a viable market opportunity. We will write a custom essay sample on Campus Bar Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The nearest pubs and bars are 10 miles from campus, requiring driving off Pelican Island for a drink. A bar on campus creates an opportunity for generating revenue. A lack of competition reduces the chances of reduction of business activity. With recent spikes in gas prices, a bar students can walk to on campus will ease the costs associated with driving. Proposal for campus bar 2 University Benefit The campus bar will create an opportunity to promote responsible drinking. Students will be treated as adults, realizing the importance of responsible actions. They can order a beer, get a glass of wine and hang with their peers and professors. It will help foster a sense of community on campus. The bar will be operated by students, with job opportunities for three bartenders and one waitstaff. It will provide an experience of daily business activities through serving customers, book-keeping and marketing. The University can realize $24,000 of revenue from sales margins each month, which may be reinvested to improve operations and facilities, encouraging sustainability and also reduce University budget strains. It will not rely on external funding for day-to-day operations. Student-Body Benefit Student satisfaction and the social demands will be addressed. The social environment provided will generate added satisfaction amongst students. Besides lighten the burden of going off campus to socialize, students have the opportunity of remaining on campus and enjoying a few drinks with friends, meeting new people, and enjoying a bar atmosphere. It will improve networking within the student body between students who live on campus and, the University Apartments. This encourages mutual respect amongst students. With an increase in older students staying on campus, an added camaraderie will be felt in the campus environment. Through the presence of music, artwork and good company, the campus bar will provide a leisure setting to sit and relax after lectures and stress of exams. Playing host to music events where students can attend or perform at, it will be a forum for music and art shows. Informal student organized events such as theme nights, quizzes and karaoke sessions may be held on location. The added benefits of pool Proposal for campus bar 3 tables and TV screens to catch the latest sporting action and popular daytime TV shows, will furthermore contribute to the satisfaction gained by students. Wine tasting, etiquette training, character building and other events aimed at facilitating personal development of students, can be organized and held at the bar. Safety and Control In the previous school year, 27 students were victims of harassment and physical assault at local bars in Galveston (PFA 1). The safety and concerns of the University over its students are a priority. The operations of the campus bar will reflect the Universitys safety regulations in accordance with alcohol laws enforced held by the state. A safe haven for students, staff and faculty alike, the bar will provide a mutual benefit to all – users and operators. Reducing the number of students going to bars off-campus will decrease the number of incidences of students being attacked. A strict restriction permitting only University students, staff, and their registered guests will prevent the risk of such incidences occurring on campus. Campus Police will be present to monitor the safety, well-being and control of guests at the campus bar. Alcohol will only be served to students, staff and faculty members in possession of a University Identification card. Between January and August this year, Campus Police have reported 29 driving after drinking incidents involving on-campus residents (PFA 2). On campus and within walking distance of Residence Halls and University Apartments, drinking after driving incidents will decrease. Proposal for campus bar 4 Cost Implication Opening the bar will cost $30,000. The costs include procuring electronic equipment and furniture. No additional space will be created. The Hullaballoo residence hall lobby will be used. It is a central location, 5 minutes walking distance from all residence halls on campus. It is a brightly lit, airconditioned, 1000 square foot floor space with a high ceiling. The campus bar will not add to electricity costs as the lobby is lit and air-conditioned all year round. Conclusion A university run campus bar will transform the campus to a â€Å"wet† campus, providing a social environment where alcohol is served will benefit students, faculty and staff at Texas AM University at Galveston. It will promote the responsible use of alcohol, generate revenue and create jobs for students in a controlled atmosphere, reducing driving after rinking incidents. It will also create an avenue for increased social networking and camaraderie amongst students and University staff alike. Personality development events organized at the campus bar will facilitate growth and development of students characters.

the eureka sockade essays

the eureka sockade essays The Eureka Stockade, which took place on Ballarat in 1854, can be seen as speeding up the process of democracy and self-government, but it cannot be classed as a turning point in Australias history. The colonies were already on the track of democracy when the Eureka Stockade took place. However, the Eureka Stockade did make an impact on society. The Eureka Stockade could take responsibility for giving birth to the union movement and plant the seeds of what would eventually become the labour movement. The Eureka Stockade was very popular with the people of the colony, and this in itself had a large impact on the colony, it did not influence the colony enough to class the events of the Eureka Stockade in 1854 as a turning point in Australias history. The new Victorian constitution had already been sent to England before the Eureka Stockade took place, therefore it cannot take credit for setting in motion, self- government, because it had already started. The constitution was sent to England in March 1854 , the Eureka Stockade did not take place until December of the same year, meaning that the process of self-government had been put in place eight months prior to the stockade. The Eureka Stockade had no real impact on the implementation of a self- governing body in the colony of Victoria. Democracy in the colonies was accelerated by the Eureka Stockade, but it was not started by it . The colony was slowly starting to move in the direction of democracy as the colony was slowly starting to become fed up with corrupt leaders and not having their say in matters that concerned them. It was the miners that were the most fed up with the leaders of the Victorian colony, as the police were corrupt and they thought it was very unfair that they were charged so much so often for their mining licences. This contempt for the current system culminated in the Eureka Stockade. T...